FlatSpecLike

Run the passed test function with a fixture created by this method.

This method should create the fixture object needed by the tests of the current suite, invoke the test function (passing in the fixture object), and if needed, perform any clean up needed after the test completes. For more detail and examples, see the main documentation for this trait.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocationOnSpread[T], given an Spread[T], to facilitate the “<left> should !== (<pivot> +- <tolerance>)” syntax of Matchers.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocation[Null], given a null reference, to facilitate the “<left> should !== null” syntax of Matchers.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocation[T], given an object of type T, to facilitate the “<left> should !== <right>” syntax of Matchers.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocationOnSpread[T], given an Spread[T], to facilitate the “<left> should === (<pivot> +- <tolerance>)” syntax of Matchers.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocation[Null], given a null reference, to facilitate the “<left> should === null” syntax of Matchers.

Returns a TripleEqualsInvocation[T], given an object of type T, to facilitate the “<left> should === <right>” syntax of Matchers.

Returns an Alerter that during test execution will forward strings (and other objects) passed to its apply method to the current reporter. If invoked in a constructor, it will register the passed string for forwarding later during test execution. If invoked while this fixture.FlatSpec is being executed, such as from inside a test function, it will forward the information to the current reporter immediately. If invoked at any other time, it will print to the standard output. This method can be called safely by any thread.

Assert that a boolean condition, described in String message, is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with a helpful error message appended with the String obtained by invoking toString on the specified clue as the exception's detail message.

This method is implemented in terms of a Scala macro that will generate a more helpful error message for expressions of this form:

• assert(a == b, "a good clue")
• assert(a != b, "a good clue")
• assert(a === b, "a good clue")
• assert(a !== b, "a good clue")
• assert(a > b, "a good clue")
• assert(a >= b, "a good clue")
• assert(a < b, "a good clue")
• assert(a <= b, "a good clue")
• assert(a startsWith "prefix", "a good clue")
• assert(a endsWith "postfix", "a good clue")
• assert(a contains "something", "a good clue")
• assert(a eq b, "a good clue")
• assert(a ne b, "a good clue")
• assert(a > 0 && b > 5, "a good clue")
• assert(a > 0 || b > 5, "a good clue")
• assert(a.isEmpty, "a good clue")
• assert(!a.isEmpty, "a good clue")
• assert(a.isInstanceOf[String], "a good clue")
• assert(a.length == 8, "a good clue")
• assert(a.size == 8, "a good clue")
• assert(a.exists(_ == 8), "a good clue")

At this time, any other form of expression will just get a TestFailedException with message saying the given expression was false. In the future, we will enhance this macro to give helpful error messages in more situations. In ScalaTest 2.0, however, this behavior was sufficient to allow the === that returns Boolean, not Option[String] to be the default in tests. This makes === consistent between tests and production code. If you have pre-existing code you wrote under ScalaTest 1.x, in which you are expecting=== to return an Option[String], use can get that behavior back by mixing in trait LegacyTripleEquals.

Assert that a boolean condition is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException.

This method is implemented in terms of a Scala macro that will generate a more helpful error message for expressions of this form:

• assert(a == b)
• assert(a != b)
• assert(a === b)
• assert(a !== b)
• assert(a > b)
• assert(a >= b)
• assert(a < b)
• assert(a <= b)
• assert(a startsWith "prefix")
• assert(a endsWith "postfix")
• assert(a contains "something")
• assert(a eq b)
• assert(a ne b)
• assert(a > 0 && b > 5)
• assert(a > 0 || b > 5)
• assert(a.isEmpty)
• assert(!a.isEmpty)
• assert(a.isInstanceOf[String])
• assert(a.length == 8)
• assert(a.size == 8)
• assert(a.exists(_ == 8))

At this time, any other form of expression will get a TestFailedException with message saying the given expression was false. In the future, we will enhance this macro to give helpful error messages in more situations. In ScalaTest 2.0, however, this behavior was sufficient to allow the === that returns Boolean, not Option[String] to be the default in tests. This makes === consistent between tests and production code. If you have pre-existing code you wrote under ScalaTest 1.x, in which you are expecting=== to return an Option[String], use can get that behavior back by mixing in trait LegacyTripleEquals.

Asserts that a given string snippet of code passes both the Scala parser and type checker.

You can use this to make sure a snippet of code compiles:

assertCompiles("val a: Int = 1")

Although assertCompiles is implemented with a macro that determines at compile time whether the snippet of code represented by the passed string compiles, errors (i.e., snippets of code that do not compile) are reported as test failures at runtime.

Asserts that a given string snippet of code does not pass either the Scala parser or type checker.

Often when creating libraries you may wish to ensure that certain arrangements of code that represent potential “user errors” do not compile, so that your library is more error resistant. ScalaTest's Assertions trait includes the following syntax for that purpose:

assertDoesNotCompile("val a: String = \"a string")

Although assertDoesNotCompile is implemented with a macro that determines at compile time whether the snippet of code represented by the passed string doesn't compile, errors (i.e., snippets of code that do compile) are reported as test failures at runtime.

Note that the difference between assertTypeError and assertDoesNotCompile is that assertDoesNotCompile will succeed if the given code does not compile for any reason, whereas assertTypeError will only succeed if the given code does not compile because of a type error. If the given code does not compile because of a syntax error, for example, assertDoesNotCompile will return normally but assertTypeError will throw a TestFailedException.

Assert that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual. If the actual value equals the expected value (as determined by ==), assertResult returns normally. Else, assertResult throws a TestFailedException whose detail message includes the expected and actual values.

Assert that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual. If the actual equals the expected (as determined by ==), assertResult returns normally. Else, if actual is not equal to expected, assertResult throws a TestFailedException whose detail message includes the expected and actual values, as well as the String obtained by invoking toString on the passed clue.

Asserts that a given string snippet of code does not pass the Scala type checker, failing if the given snippet does not pass the Scala parser.

Often when creating libraries you may wish to ensure that certain arrangements of code that represent potential “user errors” do not compile, so that your library is more error resistant. ScalaTest's Assertions trait includes the following syntax for that purpose:

assertTypeError("val a: String = 1")

Although assertTypeError is implemented with a macro that determines at compile time whether the snippet of code represented by the passed string type checks, errors (i.e., snippets of code that do type check) are reported as test failures at runtime.

Note that the difference between assertTypeError and assertDoesNotCompile is that assertDoesNotCompile will succeed if the given code does not compile for any reason, whereas assertTypeError will only succeed if the given code does not compile because of a type error. If the given code does not compile because of a syntax error, for example, assertDoesNotCompile will return normally but assertTypeError will throw a TestFailedException.

Helper instance used by code generated by macro assertion.

Assume that a boolean condition, described in String message, is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestCanceledException with a helpful error message appended with String obtained by invoking toString on the specified clue as the exception's detail message.

This method is implemented in terms of a Scala macro that will generate a more helpful error message for expressions of this form:

• assume(a == b, "a good clue")
• assume(a != b, "a good clue")
• assume(a === b, "a good clue")
• assume(a !== b, "a good clue")
• assume(a > b, "a good clue")
• assume(a >= b, "a good clue")
• assume(a < b, "a good clue")
• assume(a <= b, "a good clue")
• assume(a startsWith "prefix", "a good clue")
• assume(a endsWith "postfix", "a good clue")
• assume(a contains "something", "a good clue")
• assume(a eq b, "a good clue")
• assume(a ne b, "a good clue")
• assume(a > 0 && b > 5, "a good clue")
• assume(a > 0 || b > 5, "a good clue")
• assume(a.isEmpty, "a good clue")
• assume(!a.isEmpty, "a good clue")
• assume(a.isInstanceOf[String], "a good clue")
• assume(a.length == 8, "a good clue")
• assume(a.size == 8, "a good clue")
• assume(a.exists(_ == 8), "a good clue")

At this time, any other form of expression will just get a TestCanceledException with message saying the given expression was false. In the future, we will enhance this macro to give helpful error messages in more situations. In ScalaTest 2.0, however, this behavior was sufficient to allow the === that returns Boolean, not Option[String] to be the default in tests. This makes === consistent between tests and production code. If you have pre-existing code you wrote under ScalaTest 1.x, in which you are expecting=== to return an Option[String], use can get that behavior back by mixing in trait LegacyTripleEquals.

Assume that a boolean condition is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestCanceledException.

This method is implemented in terms of a Scala macro that will generate a more helpful error message for expressions of this form:

• assume(a == b)
• assume(a != b)
• assume(a === b)
• assume(a !== b)
• assume(a > b)
• assume(a >= b)
• assume(a < b)
• assume(a <= b)
• assume(a startsWith "prefix")
• assume(a endsWith "postfix")
• assume(a contains "something")
• assume(a eq b)
• assume(a ne b)
• assume(a > 0 && b > 5)
• assume(a > 0 || b > 5)
• assume(a.isEmpty)
• assume(!a.isEmpty)
• assume(a.isInstanceOf[String])
• assume(a.length == 8)
• assume(a.size == 8)
• assume(a.exists(_ == 8))

At this time, any other form of expression will just get a TestCanceledException with message saying the given expression was false. In the future, we will enhance this macro to give helpful error messages in more situations. In ScalaTest 2.0, however, this behavior was sufficient to allow the === that returns Boolean, not Option[String] to be the default in tests. This makes === consistent between tests and production code. If you have pre-existing code you wrote under ScalaTest 1.x, in which you are expecting=== to return an Option[String], use can get that behavior back by mixing in trait LegacyTripleEquals.

Supports shared test registration in fixture.FlatSpecs.

This field supports syntax such as the following:

it should behave like nonFullStack(stackWithOneItem)
          ^

For more information and examples of the use of behave, see the Shared tests section in the main documentation for trait FlatSpec.

Supports the registration of a “subject” being specified and tested.

This field enables syntax such as the following subject registration:

behavior of "A Stack"
^

For more information and examples of the use of the behavior field, see the main documentation for trait FlatSpec.

Throws TestCanceledException, with the passed Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed. The getMessage method of the thrown TestCanceledException will return cause.toString.

Throws TestCanceledException, with the passed String message as the exception's detail message and Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestCanceledException, with the passed String message as the exception's detail message, to indicate a test was canceled.

Throws TestCanceledException to indicate a test was canceled.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] class for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that B is implicitly convertible to A, given an implicit Equivalence[A].

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[A]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits ConversionCheckedTripleEquals) and ConversionCheckedLegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that A must be a subtype of B, given an explicit Equivalence[B].

This method is used to enable the Explicitly DSL for TypeCheckedTripleEquals by requiring an explicit Equivalance[B], but taking an implicit function that provides evidence that A is a subtype of B.

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[B]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits LowPriorityTypeCheckedConstraint (extended by TypeCheckedTripleEquals), and LowPriorityTypeCheckedLegacyConstraint (extended by TypeCheckedLegacyTripleEquals), and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] class for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that A is implicitly convertible to B, given an explicit Equivalence[B].

This method is used to enable the Explicitly DSL for ConversionCheckedTripleEquals by requiring an explicit Equivalance[B], but taking an implicit function that converts from A to B.

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[B]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits LowPriorityConversionCheckedConstraint (extended by ConversionCheckedTripleEquals), and LowPriorityConversionCheckedLegacyConstraint (extended by ConversionCheckedLegacyTripleEquals), and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that B must be a subtype of A, given an explicit Equivalence[A].

This method is used to enable the Explicitly DSL for TypeCheckedTripleEquals by requiring an explicit Equivalance[B], but taking an implicit function that provides evidence that A is a subtype of B. For example, under TypeCheckedTripleEquals, this method (as an implicit method), would be used to compile this statement:

def closeEnoughTo1(num: Double): Boolean =
  (num === 1.0)(decided by forgivingEquality)

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[A]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits TypeCheckedTripleEquals) and TypeCheckedLegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] class for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that B is implicitly convertible to A, given an explicit Equivalence[A].

This method is used to enable the Explicitly DSL for ConversionCheckedTripleEquals by requiring an explicit Equivalance[A], but taking an implicit function that converts from B to A. For example, under ConversionCheckedTripleEquals, this method (as an implicit method), would be used to compile this statement:

def closeEnoughTo1(num: Double): Boolean =
  (num === 1.0)(decided by forgivingEquality)

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[A]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits ConversionCheckedTripleEquals) and ConversionCheckedLegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Converts to an CheckingEqualizer that provides === and !== operators that result in Boolean and enforce a type constraint.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits TypeCheckedTripleEquals and ConversionCheckedTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Converts to an Equalizer that provides === and !== operators that result in Boolean and enforce no type constraint.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtrait TripleEquals and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Implicitly converts an object of type ResultOfStringPassedToVerb to an InAndIgnoreMethods, to enable in and ignore methods to be invokable on that object.

Implicitly converts an object of type ResultOfTaggedAsInvocation to an InAndIgnoreMethodsAfterTaggedAs, to enable in and ignore methods to be invokable on that object.

Converts to a LegacyCheckingEqualizer that provides === and !== operators that result in Option[String] and enforce a type constraint.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits TypeCheckedLegacyTripleEquals and ConversionCheckedLegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Converts to a LegacyEqualizer that provides === and !== operators that result in Option[String] and enforce no type constraint.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtrait LegacyTripleEquals and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Implicitly converts an object of type String to a StringCanWrapper, to enable can methods to be invokable on that object.

Implicitly converts an object of type String to a StringMustWrapper, to enable must methods to be invokable on that object.

Implicitly converts an object of type String to a StringShouldWrapperForVerb, to enable should methods to be invokable on that object.

Returns an Equality[A] for any type A that determines equality by first calling .deep on any Array (on either the left or right side), then comparing the resulting objects with ==.

Executes this Suite, printing results to the standard output.

This method, which simply invokes the other overloaded form of execute with default parameter values, is intended for use only as a mini-DSL for the Scala interpreter. It allows you to execute a Suite in the interpreter with a minimum of finger typing:

scala> new SetSpec execute
An empty Set
- should have size 0
- should produce NoSuchElementException when head is invoked !!! IGNORED !!!

If you do ever want to invoke execute outside the Scala interpreter, it is best style to invoke it with empty parens to indicate it has a side effect, like this:

// Use empty parens form in regular code (outside the Scala interpreter)
(new ExampleSuite).execute()

Executes one or more tests in this Suite, printing results to the standard output.

This method invokes run on itself, passing in values that can be configured via the parameters to this method, all of which have default values. This behavior is convenient when working with ScalaTest in the Scala interpreter. Here's a summary of this method's parameters and how you can use them:

The testName parameter

If you leave testName at its default value (of null), this method will pass None to the testName parameter of run, and as a result all the tests in this suite will be executed. If you specify a testName, this method will pass Some(testName) to run, and only that test will be run. Thus to run all tests in a suite from the Scala interpreter, you can write:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute

(The above syntax actually invokes the overloaded parameterless form of execute, which calls this form with its default parameter values.) To run just the test named "my favorite test" in a suite from the Scala interpreter, you would write:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute ("my favorite test")

Or:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (testName = "my favorite test")

The configMap parameter

If you provide a value for the configMap parameter, this method will pass it to run. If not, the default value of an empty Map will be passed. For more information on how to use a config map to configure your test suites, see the config map section in the main documentation for this trait. Here's an example in which you configure a run with the name of an input file:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (configMap = Map("inputFileName" -> "in.txt")

The color parameter

If you leave the color parameter unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run to print to the standard output in color (via ansi escape characters). If you don't want color output, specify false for color, like this:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (color = false)

The durations parameter

If you leave the durations parameter unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run to not print durations for tests and suites to the standard output. If you want durations printed, specify true for durations, like this:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (durations = true)

The shortstacks and fullstacks parameters

If you leave both the shortstacks and fullstacks parameters unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run to not print stack traces for failed tests if it has a stack depth that identifies the offending line of test code. If you prefer a short stack trace (10 to 15 stack frames) to be printed with any test failure, specify true for shortstacks:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (shortstacks = true)

For full stack traces, set fullstacks to true:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (fullstacks = true)

If you specify true for both shortstacks and fullstacks, you'll get full stack traces.

The stats parameter

If you leave the stats parameter unspecified, this method will not fire RunStarting and either RunCompleted or RunAborted events to the reporter it passes to run. If you specify true for stats, this method will fire the run events to the reporter, and the reporter will print the expected test count before the run, and various statistics after, including the number of suites completed and number of tests that succeeded, failed, were ignored or marked pending. Here's how you get the stats:

scala> new ExampleSuite execute (stats = true)

To summarize, this method will pass to run:

• testName - None if this method's testName parameter is left at its default value of null, else Some(testName).
• reporter - a reporter that prints to the standard output
• stopper - a Stopper whose apply method always returns false
• filter - a Filter constructed with None for tagsToInclude and Set() for tagsToExclude
• configMap - the configMap passed to this method
• distributor - None
• tracker - a new Tracker

Note: In ScalaTest, the terms "execute" and "run" basically mean the same thing and can be used interchangably. The reason this method isn't named run is that it takes advantage of default arguments, and you can't mix overloaded methods and default arguments in Scala. (If named run, this method would have the same name but different arguments than the main run method that takes seven arguments. Thus it would overload and couldn't be used with default argument values.)

Design note: This method has two "features" that may seem unidiomatic. First, the default value of testName is null. Normally in Scala the type of testName would be Option[String] and the default value would be None, as it is in this trait's run method. The null value is used here for two reasons. First, in ScalaTest 1.5, execute was changed from four overloaded methods to one method with default values, taking advantage of the default and named parameters feature introduced in Scala 2.8. To not break existing source code, testName needed to have type String, as it did in two of the overloaded execute methods prior to 1.5. The other reason is that execute has always been designed to be called primarily from an interpeter environment, such as the Scala REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop). In an interpreter environment, minimizing keystrokes is king. A String type with a null default value lets users type suite.execute("my test name") rather than suite.execute(Some("my test name")), saving several keystrokes.

The second non-idiomatic feature is that shortstacks and fullstacks are all lower case rather than camel case. This is done to be consistent with the Shell, which also uses those forms. The reason lower case is used in the Shell is to save keystrokes in an interpreter environment. Most Unix commands, for example, are all lower case, making them easier and quicker to type. In the ScalaTest Shell, methods like shortstacks, fullstacks, and nostats, etc., are designed to be all lower case so they feel more like shell commands than methods.

The total number of tests that are expected to run when this Suite's run method is invoked.

This trait's implementation of this method returns the sum of:

• the size of the testNames List, minus the number of tests marked as ignored and any tests that are exluded by the passed Filter
• the sum of the values obtained by invoking expectedTestCount on every nested Suite contained in nestedSuites

Throws TestFailedException, with the passed Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed. The getMessage method of the thrown TestFailedException will return cause.toString.

Throws TestFailedException, with the passed String message as the exception's detail message and Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException, with the passed String message as the exception's detail message, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException to indicate a test failed.

Supports registration of ignored tests in fixture.FlatSpecs.

This field enables syntax such as the following registration of an ignored test:

ignore should "pop values in last-in-first-out order" in { ... }
^

For more information and examples of the use of the ignore field, see the Ignored tests section in the main documentation for trait FlatSpec.

Returns an Informer that during test execution will forward strings passed to its apply method to the current reporter. If invoked in a constructor, it will register the passed string for forwarding later during test execution. If invoked from inside a scope, it will forward the information to the current reporter immediately. If invoked from inside a test function, it will record the information and forward it to the current reporter only after the test completed, as recordedEvents of the test completed event, such as TestSucceeded. If invoked at any other time, it will print to the standard output. This method can be called safely by any thread.

Intercept and return an exception that's expected to be thrown by the passed function value. The thrown exception must be an instance of the type specified by the type parameter of this method. This method invokes the passed function. If the function throws an exception that's an instance of the specified type, this method returns that exception. Else, whether the passed function returns normally or completes abruptly with a different exception, this method throws TestFailedException.

Note that the type specified as this method's type parameter may represent any subtype of AnyRef, not just Throwable or one of its subclasses. In Scala, exceptions can be caught based on traits they implement, so it may at times make sense to specify a trait that the intercepted exception's class must mix in. If a class instance is passed for a type that could not possibly be used to catch an exception (such as String, for example), this method will complete abruptly with a TestFailedException.

Supports test (and shared test) registration in fixture.FlatSpecs.

This field enables syntax such as the following test registration:

it should "pop values in last-in-first-out order" in { ... }
^

It also enables syntax such as the following shared test registration:

it should behave like nonEmptyStack(lastItemPushed)
^

For more information and examples of the use of the it field, see the main documentation for trait FlatSpec.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] class for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that A is implicitly convertible to B, given an implicit Equivalence[B].

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[B]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits LowPriorityConversionCheckedConstraint (extended by ConversionCheckedTripleEquals), and LowPriorityConversionCheckedLegacyConstraint (extended by ConversionCheckedLegacyTripleEquals), and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that A must be a subtype of B, given an implicit Equivalence[B].

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[A]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits LowPriorityTypeCheckedConstraint (extended by TypeCheckedTripleEquals), and LowPriorityTypeCheckedLegacyConstraint (extended by TypeCheckedLegacyTripleEquals), and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Returns a Documenter that during test execution will forward strings passed to its apply method to the current reporter. If invoked in a constructor, it will register the passed string for forwarding later during test execution. If invoked from inside a scope, it will forward the information to the current reporter immediately. If invoked from inside a test function, it will record the information and forward it to the current reporter only after the test completed, as recordedEvents of the test completed event, such as TestSucceeded. If invoked at any other time, it will print to the standard output. This method can be called safely by any thread.

An immutable IndexedSeq of this Suite object's nested Suites. If this Suite contains no nested Suites, this method returns an empty IndexedSeq. This trait's implementation of this method returns an empty List.

Returns a Notifier that during test execution will forward strings (and other objects) passed to its apply method to the current reporter. If invoked in a constructor, it will register the passed string for forwarding later during test execution. If invoked while this fixture.FlatSpec is being executed, such as from inside a test function, it will forward the information to the current reporter immediately. If invoked at any other time, it will print to the standard output. This method can be called safely by any thread.

Throws TestPendingException to indicate a test is pending.

A pending test is one that has been given a name but is not yet implemented. The purpose of pending tests is to facilitate a style of testing in which documentation of behavior is sketched out before tests are written to verify that behavior (and often, the before the behavior of the system being tested is itself implemented). Such sketches form a kind of specification of what tests and functionality to implement later.

To support this style of testing, a test can be given a name that specifies one bit of behavior required by the system being tested. The test can also include some code that sends more information about the behavior to the reporter when the tests run. At the end of the test, it can call method pending, which will cause it to complete abruptly with TestPendingException. Because tests in ScalaTest can be designated as pending with TestPendingException, both the test name and any information sent to the reporter when running the test can appear in the report of a test run. (In other words, the code of a pending test is executed just like any other test.) However, because the test completes abruptly with TestPendingException, the test will be reported as pending, to indicate the actual test, and possibly the functionality it is intended to test, has not yet been implemented.

Note: This method always completes abruptly with a TestPendingException. Thus it always has a side effect. Methods with side effects are usually invoked with parentheses, as in pending(). This method is defined as a parameterless method, in flagrant contradiction to recommended Scala style, because it forms a kind of DSL for pending tests. It enables tests in suites such as FunSuite or FunSpec to be denoted by placing "(pending)" after the test name, as in:

test("that style rules are not laws") (pending)

Readers of the code see "pending" in parentheses, which looks like a little note attached to the test name to indicate it is pending. Whereas "(pending()) looks more like a method call, "(pending)" lets readers stay at a higher level, forgetting how it is implemented and just focusing on the intent of the programmer who wrote the code.

Execute the passed block of code, and if it completes abruptly, throw TestPendingException, else throw TestFailedException.

This method can be used to temporarily change a failing test into a pending test in such a way that it will automatically turn back into a failing test once the problem originally causing the test to fail has been fixed. At that point, you need only remove the pendingUntilFixed call. In other words, a pendingUntilFixed surrounding a block of code that isn't broken is treated as a test failure. The motivation for this behavior is to encourage people to remove pendingUntilFixed calls when there are no longer needed.

This method facilitates a style of testing in which tests are written before the code they test. Sometimes you may encounter a test failure that requires more functionality than you want to tackle without writing more tests. In this case you can mark the bit of test code causing the failure with pendingUntilFixed. You can then write more tests and functionality that eventually will get your production code to a point where the original test won't fail anymore. At this point the code block marked with pendingUntilFixed will no longer throw an exception (because the problem has been fixed). This will in turn cause pendingUntilFixed to throw TestFailedException with a detail message explaining you need to go back and remove the pendingUntilFixed call as the problem orginally causing your test code to fail has been fixed.

The fully qualified class name of the rerunner to rerun this suite. This implementation will look at this.getClass and see if it is either an accessible Suite, or it has a WrapWith annotation. If so, it returns the fully qualified class name wrapped in a Some, or else it returns None.

Runs this suite of tests.

If testName is None, this trait's implementation of this method calls these two methods on this object in this order:

• runNestedSuites
• runTests

If testName is defined, then this trait's implementation of this method calls runTests, but does not call runNestedSuites. This behavior is part of the contract of this method. Subclasses that override run must take care not to call runNestedSuites if testName is defined. (The OneInstancePerTest trait depends on this behavior, for example.)

Subclasses and subtraits that override this run method can implement them without invoking either the runTests or runNestedSuites methods, which are invoked by this trait's implementation of this method. It is recommended, but not required, that subclasses and subtraits that override run in a way that does not invoke runNestedSuites also override runNestedSuites and make it final. Similarly it is recommended, but not required, that subclasses and subtraits that override run in a way that does not invoke runTests also override runTests (and runTest, which this trait's implementation of runTests calls) and make it final. The implementation of these final methods can either invoke the superclass implementation of the method, or throw an UnsupportedOperationException if appropriate. The reason for this recommendation is that ScalaTest includes several traits that override these methods to allow behavior to be mixed into a Suite. For example, trait BeforeAndAfterEach overrides runTestss. In a Suite subclass that no longer invokes runTests from run, the BeforeAndAfterEach trait is not applicable. Mixing it in would have no effect. By making runTests final in such a Suite subtrait, you make the attempt to mix BeforeAndAfterEach into a subclass of your subtrait a compiler error. (It would fail to compile with a complaint that BeforeAndAfterEach is trying to override runTests, which is a final method in your trait.)

This overloaded form of run has been deprecated and will be removed in a future version of ScalaTest. Please use the run method that takes two parameters instead.

This final implementation of this method constructs a Args instance from the passed reporter, stopper, filter, configMap, distributor, and tracker, and invokes the overloaded run method that takes two parameters, passing in the specified testName and the newly constructed Args. This method implementation enables existing code that called into the old run method to continue to work during the deprecation cycle. Subclasses and subtraits that overrode this method, however, will need to be changed to use the new two-parameter form instead.

Run zero to many of this Suite's nested Suites.

If the passed distributor is None, this trait's implementation of this method invokes run on each nested Suite in the List obtained by invoking nestedSuites. If a nested Suite's run method completes abruptly with an exception, this trait's implementation of this method reports that the Suite aborted and attempts to run the next nested Suite. If the passed distributor is defined, this trait's implementation puts each nested Suite into the Distributor contained in the Some, in the order in which the Suites appear in the List returned by nestedSuites, passing in a new Tracker obtained by invoking nextTracker on the Tracker passed to this method.

Implementations of this method are responsible for ensuring SuiteStarting events are fired to the Reporter before executing any nested Suite, and either SuiteCompleted or SuiteAborted after executing any nested Suite.

Run a test. This trait's implementation runs the test registered with the name specified by testName. Each test's name is a concatenation of the text of all describers surrounding a test, from outside in, and the test's spec text, with one space placed between each item. (See the documenation for testNames for an example.)

Run zero to many of this FlatSpec's tests.

This method takes a testName parameter that optionally specifies a test to invoke. If testName is Some, this trait's implementation of this method invokes runTest on this object with passed args.

This method takes an args that contains a Set of tag names that should be included (tagsToInclude), and a Set that should be excluded (tagsToExclude), when deciding which of this Suite's tests to execute. If tagsToInclude is empty, all tests will be executed except those those belonging to tags listed in the tagsToExclude Set. If tagsToInclude is non-empty, only tests belonging to tags mentioned in tagsToInclude, and not mentioned in tagsToExclude will be executed. However, if testName is Some, tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude are essentially ignored. Only if testName is None will tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude be consulted to determine which of the tests named in the testNames Set should be run. For more information on trait tags, see the main documentation for this trait.

If testName is None, this trait's implementation of this method invokes testNames on this Suite to get a Set of names of tests to potentially execute. (A testNames value of None essentially acts as a wildcard that means all tests in this Suite that are selected by tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude should be executed.) For each test in the testName Set, in the order they appear in the iterator obtained by invoking the elements method on the Set, this trait's implementation of this method checks whether the test should be run based on the tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude Sets. If so, this implementation invokes runTest with the passed args.

Supports the shorthand form of shared test registration.

For example, this method enables syntax such as the following:

"A Stack (with one item)" should behave like nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItem, lastValuePushed)
                          ^

This function is passed as an implicit parameter to a should method provided in ShouldVerb, a must method provided in MustVerb, and a can method provided in CanVerb. When invoked, this function registers the subject description (the parameter to the function) and returns a BehaveWord.

Supports the shorthand form of test registration.

For example, this method enables syntax such as the following:

"A Stack (when empty)" should "be empty" in { ... }
                       ^

This function is passed as an implicit parameter to a should method provided in ShouldVerb, a must method provided in MustVerb, and a can method provided in CanVerb. When invoked, this function registers the subject description (the first parameter to the function) and returns a ResultOfStringPassedToVerb initialized with the verb and rest parameters (the second and third parameters to the function, respectively).

Suite style name.

A string ID for this Suite that is intended to be unique among all suites reported during a run.

This trait's implementation of this method returns the fully qualified name of this object's class. Each suite reported during a run will commonly be an instance of a different Suite class, and in such cases, this default implementation of this method will suffice. However, in special cases you may need to override this method to ensure it is unique for each reported suite. For example, if you write a Suite subclass that reads in a file whose name is passed to its constructor and dynamically creates a suite of tests based on the information in that file, you will likely need to override this method in your Suite subclass, perhaps by appending the pathname of the file to the fully qualified class name. That way if you run a suite of tests based on a directory full of these files, you'll have unique suite IDs for each reported suite.

The suite ID is intended to be unique, because ScalaTest does not enforce that it is unique. If it is not unique, then you may not be able to uniquely identify a particular test of a particular suite. This ability is used, for example, to dynamically tag tests as having failed in the previous run when rerunning only failed tests.

A user-friendly suite name for this Suite.

This trait's implementation of this method returns the simple name of this object's class. This trait's implementation of runNestedSuites calls this method to obtain a name for Reports to pass to the suiteStarting, suiteCompleted, and suiteAborted methods of the Reporter.

A Map whose keys are String tag names to which tests in this FlatSpec belong, and values the Set of test names that belong to each tag. If this fixture.FlatSpec contains no tags, this method returns an empty Map.

This trait's implementation returns tags that were passed as strings contained in Tag objects passed to methods test and ignore.

In addition, this trait's implementation will also auto-tag tests with class level annotations. For example, if you annotate @Ignore at the class level, all test methods in the class will be auto-annotated with @Ignore.

Provides a TestData instance for the passed test name, given the passed config map.

This method is used to obtain a TestData instance to pass to withFixture(NoArgTest) and withFixture(OneArgTest) and the beforeEach and afterEach methods of trait BeforeAndAfterEach.

An immutable Set of test names. If this fixture.FlatSpec contains no tests, this method returns an empty Set.

This trait's implementation of this method will return a set that contains the names of all registered tests. The set's iterator will return those names in the order in which the tests were registered. Each test's name is composed of the concatenation of the text of each surrounding describer, in order from outside in, and the text of the example itself, with all components separated by a space.

Supports test (and shared test) registration in fixture.FlatSpecs.

This field enables syntax such as the following test registration:

they should "pop values in last-in-first-out order" in { ... }
^

It also enables syntax such as the following shared test registration:

they should behave like nonEmptyStack(lastItemPushed)
^

For more information and examples of the use of the it field, see the main documentation for trait FlatSpec.

Trap and return any thrown exception that would normally cause a ScalaTest test to fail, or create and return a new RuntimeException indicating no exception is thrown.

This method is intended to be used in the Scala interpreter to eliminate large stack traces when trying out ScalaTest assertions and matcher expressions. It is not intended to be used in regular test code. If you want to ensure that a bit of code throws an expected exception, use intercept, not trap. Here's an example interpreter session without trap:

scala> import org.scalatest._
import org.scalatest._
scala> import Matchers._
import Matchers._
scala> val x = 12
a: Int = 12
scala> x shouldEqual 13
org.scalatest.exceptions.TestFailedException: 12 did not equal 13
   at org.scalatest.Assertions$class.newAssertionFailedException(Assertions.scala:449)
   at org.scalatest.Assertions$.newAssertionFailedException(Assertions.scala:1203)
   at org.scalatest.Assertions$AssertionsHelper.macroAssertTrue(Assertions.scala:417)
   at .<init>(<console>:15)
   at .<clinit>(<console>)
   at .<init>(<console>:7)
   at .<clinit>(<console>)
   at $print(<console>)
   at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
   at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:39)
   at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:25)
   at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:597)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.IMain$ReadEvalPrint.call(IMain.scala:731)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.IMain$Request.loadAndRun(IMain.scala:980)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.IMain.loadAndRunReq$1(IMain.scala:570)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.IMain.interpret(IMain.scala:601)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.IMain.interpret(IMain.scala:565)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.reallyInterpret$1(ILoop.scala:745)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.interpretStartingWith(ILoop.scala:790)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.command(ILoop.scala:702)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.processLine$1(ILoop.scala:566)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.innerLoop$1(ILoop.scala:573)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.loop(ILoop.scala:576)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop$$anonfun$process$1.apply$mcZ$sp(ILoop.scala:867)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop$$anonfun$process$1.apply(ILoop.scala:822)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop$$anonfun$process$1.apply(ILoop.scala:822)
   at scala.tools.nsc.util.ScalaClassLoader$.savingContextLoader(ScalaClassLoader.scala:135)
   at scala.tools.nsc.interpreter.ILoop.process(ILoop.scala:822)
   at scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner.runTarget$1(MainGenericRunner.scala:83)
   at scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner.process(MainGenericRunner.scala:96)
   at scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner$.main(MainGenericRunner.scala:105)
   at scala.tools.nsc.MainGenericRunner.main(MainGenericRunner.scala)

That's a pretty tall stack trace. Here's what it looks like when you use trap:

scala> trap { x shouldEqual 13 }
res1: Throwable = org.scalatest.exceptions.TestFailedException: 12 did not equal 13

Much less clutter. Bear in mind, however, that if no exception is thrown by the passed block of code, the trap method will create a new NormalResult (a subclass of Throwable made for this purpose only) and return that. If the result was the Unit value, it will simply say that no exception was thrown:

scala> trap { x shouldEqual 12 }
res2: Throwable = No exception was thrown.

If the passed block of code results in a value other than Unit, the NormalResult's toString will print the value:

scala> trap { "Dude!" }
res3: Throwable = No exception was thrown. Instead, result was: "Dude!"

Although you can access the result value from the NormalResult, its type is Any and therefore not very convenient to use. It is not intended that trap be used in test code. The sole intended use case for trap is decluttering Scala interpreter sessions by eliminating stack traces when executing assertion and matcher expressions.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] for any two types A and B, enforcing the type constraint that B must be a subtype of A, given an implicit Equivalence[A].

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equivalence[A]'s areEquivalent method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits TypeCheckedTripleEquals) and TypeCheckedLegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Provides a Constraint[A, B] class for any two types A and B, with no type constraint enforced, given an implicit Equality[A].

The returned Constraint's areEqual method uses the implicitly passed Equality[A]'s areEqual method to determine equality.

This method is overridden and made implicit by subtraits TripleEquals and LegacyTripleEquals, and overriden as non-implicit by the other subtraits in this package.

Executes the block of code passed as the second parameter, and, if it completes abruptly with a ModifiableMessage exception, prepends the "clue" string passed as the first parameter to the beginning of the detail message of that thrown exception, then rethrows it. If clue does not end in a white space character, one space will be added between it and the existing detail message (unless the detail message is not defined).

This method allows you to add more information about what went wrong that will be reported when a test fails. Here's an example:

withClue("(Employee's name was: " + employee.name + ")") {
  intercept[IllegalArgumentException] {
    employee.getTask(-1)
  }
}

If an invocation of intercept completed abruptly with an exception, the resulting message would be something like:

(Employee's name was Bob Jones) Expected IllegalArgumentException to be thrown, but no exception was thrown

Run the passed test function in the context of a fixture established by this method.

This method should set up the fixture needed by the tests of the current suite, invoke the test function, and if needed, perform any clean up needed after the test completes. Because the NoArgTest function passed to this method takes no parameters, preparing the fixture will require side effects, such as reassigning instance vars in this Suite or initializing a globally accessible external database. If you want to avoid reassigning instance vars you can use fixture.Suite.

This trait's implementation of runTest invokes this method for each test, passing in a NoArgTest whose apply method will execute the code of the test.

This trait's implementation of this method simply invokes the passed NoArgTest function.

Assert that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with the String value of the Some included in the TestFailedException's detail message.

This form of assert is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:

assert(a === b)

For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation for Equalizer.

Assert that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with the String value of the Some, as well as the String obtained by invoking toString on the specified clue, included in the TestFailedException's detail message.

This form of assert is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:

assert(a === b, "extra info reported if assertion fails")

For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation for Equalizer.

Assume that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestCanceledException with the String value of the Some included in the TestCanceledException's detail message.

This form of assume is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:

assume(a === b)

For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation for Equalizer.

Assume that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestCanceledException with the String value of the Some, as well as the String obtained by invoking toString on the specified clue, included in the TestCanceledException's detail message.

This form of assume is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:

assume(a === b, "extra info reported if assertion fails")

For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation for Equalizer.

This expect method has been deprecated; Please use assertResult instead.

To get rid of the deprecation warning, simply replace expect with assertResult. The name expect will be used for a different purposes in a future version of ScalaTest.

This expect method has been deprecated; Please use assertResult instead.

To get rid of the deprecation warning, simply replace expect with assertResult. The name expect will be used for a different purposes in a future version of ScalaTest.

This expectResult method has been deprecated; Please use assertResult instead.

To get rid of the deprecation warning, simply replace expectResult with assertResult. The name expectResult will be used for a different purposes in a future version of ScalaTest.

This expectResult method has been deprecated; Please use assertResult instead.

To get rid of the deprecation warning, simply replace expectResult with assertResult. The name expectResult will be used for a different purposes in a future version of ScalaTest.