org.scalatest.Suite

A suite of tests. A Suite instance encapsulates a conceptual suite (i.e., a collection) of tests.

This trait provides an interface that allows suites of tests to be run. Its implementation enables a default way of writing and executing tests. Subtraits and subclasses can override Suite's methods to enable other ways of writing and executing tests. This trait's default approach allows tests to be defined as methods whose name starts with "test." This approach is easy to understand, and a good way for Scala beginners to start writing tests. More advanced Scala programmers may prefer to mix together other Suite subtraits defined in ScalaTest, or create their own, to write tests in the way they feel makes them most productive. Here's a quick overview of some of the options to help you get started:

For JUnit 3 users

If you are using JUnit 3 (version 3.8 or earlier releases) and you want to write JUnit 3 tests in Scala, look atAssertionsForJUnit,ShouldMatchersForJUnit, andJUnit3Suite.

For JUnit 4 users

If you are using JUnit 4 and you want to write JUnit 4 tests in Scala, look atJUnitSuite, andJUnitRunner. With JUnitRunner, you can use any of the traits described here and still run your tests with JUnit 4.

For TestNG users

If you are using TestNG and you want to write TestNG tests in Scala, look atTestNGSuite.

For high-level testing

If you want to write tests at a higher level than unit tests, such as integration tests, acceptance tests, or functional tests, check out FeatureSpec.

For unit testing

If you prefer a behavior-driven development (BDD) style, in which tests are combined with text that specifies the behavior being tested, look atSpec,FlatSpec, andWordSpec. Otherwise, if you just want to write tests and don't want to combine testing with specifying, look atFunSuite or read on to learn how to write tests using this base trait, Suite.

To use this trait's approach to writing tests, simply create classes that extend Suite and define test methods. Test methods have names of the form testX, where X is some unique, hopefully meaningful, string. A test method must be public and can have any result type, but the most common result type is Unit. Here's an example:

import org.scalatest.Suite
class MySuite extends Suite {
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    assert(sum === 2)
    assert(sum + 2 === 4)
  }
  def testSubtraction() {
    val diff = 4 - 1
    assert(diff === 3)
    assert(diff - 2 === 1)
  }
}

You can run a Suite by invoking on it one of four overloaded executemethods. These methods, which print test results to the standard output, are intended to serve as a convenient way to run tests from within the Scala interpreter. For example, to run MySuite from within the Scala interpreter, you could write:

scala> (new MySuite).execute()

And you would see:

MySuite:
- testAddition
- testSubtraction

Or, to run just the testAddition method, you could write:

scala> (new MySuite).execute("testAddition")

And you would see:

MySuite:
- testAddition

Two other execute methods that are intended to be run from the interpreter accept a "config" map of key-value pairs (see Config map, below). Each of these execute methods invokes a run method takes seven parameters. This run method, which actually executes the suite, will usually be invoked by a test runner, such as org.scalatest.tools.Runner or an IDE. See the documentation for Runner for more detail.

Assertions and

Inside test methods in a Suite, you can write assertions by invoking assert and passing in a Boolean expression, such as:

val left = 2
val right = 1
assert(left == right)

If the passed expression is true, assert will return normally. If false,assert will complete abruptly with a TestFailedException. This exception is usually not caught by the test method, which means the test method itself will complete abruptly by throwing the TestFailedException. Any test method that completes abruptly with a TestFailedException or any Exception is considered a failed test. A test method that returns normally is considered a successful test.

If you pass a Boolean expression to assert, a failed assertion will be reported, but without reporting the left and right values. You can alternatively encode these values in a String passed as a second argument to assert, as in:

val left = 2
val right = 1
assert(left == right, left + " did not equal " + right)

Using this form of assert, the failure report will include the left and right values, thereby helping you debug the problem. However, ScalaTest provides the === operator to make this easier. (The === operator is defined in trait Assertions which trait Suite extends.) You use it like this:

val left = 2
val right = 1
assert(left === right)

Because you use === here instead of ==, the failure report will include the left and right values. For example, the detail message in the thrown TestFailedException from the assertshown previously will include, "2 did not equal 1". From this message you will know that the operand on the left had the value 2, and the operand on the right had the value 1.

If you're familiar with JUnit, you would use ===in a ScalaTest Suite where you'd use assertEquals in a JUnit TestCase. The === operator is made possible by an implicit conversion from Anyto Equalizer. If you're curious to understand the mechanics, see the documentation forEqualizer and the convertToEqualizer method.

Expected results

Although === provides a natural, readable extension to Scala's assert mechanism, as the operands become lengthy, the code becomes less readable. In addition, the === comparison doesn't distinguish between actual and expected values. The operands are just called left and right, because if one were named expected and the other actual, it would be difficult for people to remember which was which. To help with these limitations of assertions, Suite includes a method called expect that can be used as an alternative to assert with ===. To use expect, you place the expected value in parentheses after expect, followed by curly braces containing code that should result in the expected value. For example:

val a = 5
val b = 2
expect(2) {
  a - b
}

In this case, the expected value is 2, and the code being tested is a - b. This expectation will fail, and the detail message in the TestFailedException will read, "Expected 2, but got 3."

Intercepted exceptions

Sometimes you need to test whether a method throws an expected exception under certain circumstances, such as when invalid arguments are passed to the method. You can do this in the JUnit style, like this:

val s = "hi"
try {
  s.charAt(-1)
  fail()
}
catch {
  case _: IndexOutOfBoundsException => // Expected, so continue
}

If charAt throws IndexOutOfBoundsException as expected, control will transfer to the catch case, which does nothing. If, however, charAt fails to throw an exception, the next statement, fail(), will be executed. The fail method always completes abruptly with a TestFailedException, thereby signaling a failed test.

To make this common use case easier to express and read, ScalaTest provides an interceptmethod. You use it like this:

val s = "hi"
intercept[IndexOutOfBoundsException] {
  s.charAt(-1)
}

This code behaves much like the previous example. If charAt throws an instance of IndexOutOfBoundsException,intercept will return that exception. But if charAt completes normally, or throws a different exception, intercept will complete abruptly with a TestFailedException. The intercept method returns the caught exception so that you can inspect it further if you wish, for example, to ensure that data contained inside the exception has the expected values. Here's an example:

val s = "hi"
val caught =
  intercept[IndexOutOfBoundsException] {
    s.charAt(-1)
  }
assert(caught.getMessage === "String index out of range: -1")

Using other assertions

ScalaTest also supports another style of assertions via its matchers DSL. By mixing in trait ShouldMatchers, you can write suites that look like:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import org.scalatest.matchers.ShouldMatchers
class MySuite extends Suite with ShouldMatchers {
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    sum should equal (2)
    sum + 2 should equal (4)
  }
  def testSubtraction() {
    val diff = 4 - 1
    diff should equal (3)
    diff - 2 should equal (1)
  }
}

If you prefer the word "must" to the word "should," you can alternatively mix in trait MustMatchers.

If you are comfortable with assertion mechanisms from other test frameworks, chances are you can use them with ScalaTest. Any assertion mechanism that indicates a failure with an exception can be used as is with ScalaTest. For example, to use the assertEqualsmethods provided by JUnit or TestNG, simply import them and use them. (You will of course need to include the relevant JAR file for the framework whose assertions you want to use on either the classpath or runpath when you run your tests.) Here's an example in which JUnit's assertions are imported, then used within a ScalaTest suite:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import org.junit.Assert._
class MySuite extends Suite {
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    assertEquals(2, sum)
    assertEquals(4, sum + 2)
  }
  def testSubtraction() {
    val diff = 4 - 1
    assertEquals(3, diff)
    assertEquals(1, diff - 2)
  }
}

Nested suites

A Suite can refer to a collection of other Suites, which are called nested Suites. Those nested Suites can in turn have their own nested Suites, and so on. Large test suites can be organized, therefore, as a tree of nested Suites. This trait's run method, in addition to invoking its test methods, invokes run on each of its nested Suites.

A List of a Suite's nested Suites can be obtained by invoking itsnestedSuites method. If you wish to create a Suite that serves as a container for nested Suites, whether or not it has test methods of its own, simply override nestedSuitesto return a List of the nested Suites. Because this is a common use case, ScalaTest provides a convenience SuperSuite class, which takes a List of nested Suites as a constructor parameter. Here's an example:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import org.scalatest.NestedSuites
class ASuite extends Suite {
  def testA() {}
}
class BSuite extends Suite {
  def testB() {}
}
class CSuite extends Suite {
  def testC() {}
}
class AlphabetSuite extends NestedSuites(
  new ASuite,
  new BSuite,
  new CSuite
)

If you now run AlphabetSuite, for example from the interpreter:

scala> (new AlphabetSuite).execute()

You will see reports printed to the standard output that indicate nested suites—ASuite, BSuite, andCSuite—were run:

AlphabetSuite:
ASuite:
- testA
BSuite:
- testB
CSuite:
- testC

Note that Runner can discover Suites automatically, so you need not necessarily specify SuperSuites explicitly. See the documentation for Runner for more information.

Shared fixtures

A test fixture is objects or other artifacts (such as files, sockets, database connections, etc.) used by tests to do their work. If a fixture is used by only one test method, then the definitions of the fixture objects can be local to the method, such as the objects assigned to sum and diff in the previous MySuite examples. If multiple methods need to share an immutable fixture, one approach is to assign them to instance variables. Here's a (very contrived) example, in which the object assigned to shared is used by multiple test methods:

import org.scalatest.Suite
class MySuite extends Suite {
  // Sharing immutable fixture objects via instance variables
  val shared = 5
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 2 + 3
    assert(sum === shared)
  }
  def testSubtraction() {
    val diff = 7 - 2
    assert(diff === shared)
  }
}

In some cases, however, shared mutable fixture objects may be changed by test methods such that they need to be recreated or reinitialized before each test. Shared resources such as files or database connections may also need to be created and initialized before, and cleaned up after, each test. JUnit 3 offers methods setUp andtearDown for this purpose. In ScalaTest, you can use the BeforeAndAfterEach trait, which will be described later, to implement an approach similar to JUnit's setUpand tearDown, however, this approach usually involves reassigning vars between tests. Before going that route, you may wish to consider some approaches that avoid vars. One approach is to write one or more create-fixture methods that return a new instance of a needed object (or a tuple or case class holding new instances of multiple objects) each time it is called. You can then call a create-fixture method at the beginning of each test method that needs the fixture, storing the fixture object or objects in local variables. Here's an example:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer
class MySuite extends Suite {
  // create objects needed by tests and return as a tuple
  def createFixture = (
    new StringBuilder("ScalaTest is "),
    new ListBuffer[String]
  )
  def testEasy() {
    val (builder, lbuf) = createFixture
    builder.append("easy!")
    assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is easy!")
    assert(lbuf.isEmpty)
    lbuf += "sweet"
  }
  def testFun() {
    val (builder, lbuf) = createFixture
    builder.append("fun!")
    assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is fun!")
    assert(lbuf.isEmpty)
  }
}

If different tests in the same Suite require different fixtures, you can create multiple create-fixture methods and call the method (or methods) needed by each test at the begining of the test. If every test method requires the same set of mutable fixture objects, one other approach you can take is make them simply vals and mix in traitOneInstancePerTest. If you mix in OneInstancePerTest, each test will be run in its own instance of the Suite, similar to the way JUnit tests are executed.

Although the create-fixture and OneInstancePerTest approaches take care of setting up a fixture before each test, they don't address the problem of cleaning up a fixture after the test completes. In this situation, one option is to mix in the BeforeAndAfterEach trait.BeforeAndAfterEach's beforeEach method will be run before, and its afterEachmethod after, each test (like JUnit's setUp and tearDownmethods, respectively). For example, you could create a temporary file before each test, and delete it afterwords, like this:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import org.scalatest.BeforeAndAfterEach
import java.io.FileReader
import java.io.FileWriter
import java.io.File
class MySuite extends Suite with BeforeAndAfterEach {
  private val FileName = "TempFile.txt"
  private var reader: FileReader = _
  // Set up the temp file needed by the test
  override def beforeEach() {
    val writer = new FileWriter(FileName)
    try {
      writer.write("Hello, test!")
    }
    finally {
      writer.close()
    }
    // Create the reader needed by the test
    reader = new FileReader(FileName)
  }
  // Close and delete the temp file
  override def afterEach() {
    reader.close()
    val file = new File(FileName)
    file.delete()
  }
  def testReadingFromTheTempFile() {
    var builder = new StringBuilder
    var c = reader.read()
    while (c != -1) {
      builder.append(c.toChar)
      c = reader.read()
    }
    assert(builder.toString === "Hello, test!")
  }
  def testFirstCharOfTheTempFile() {
    assert(reader.read() === 'H')
  }
  def testWithoutAFixture() {
    assert(1 + 1 === 2)
  }
}

In this example, the instance variable reader is a var, so it can be reinitialized between tests by the beforeEach method.

Although the BeforeAndAfterEach approach should be familiar to the users of most test other frameworks, ScalaTest provides another alternative that also allows you to perform cleanup after each test: overriding withFixture(NoArgTest). To execute each test, Suite's implementation of the runTest method wraps an invocation of the appropriate test method in a no-arg function. runTest passes that test function to the withFixture(NoArgTest)method, which is responsible for actually running the test by invoking the function. Suite's implementation of withFixture(NoArgTest) simply invokes the function, like this:

// Default implementation
protected def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) {
  test()
}

The withFixture(NoArgTest) method exists so that you can override it and set a fixture up before, and clean it up after, each test. Thus, the previous temp file example could also be implemented without mixing in BeforeAndAfterEach, like this:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import java.io.FileReader
import java.io.FileWriter
import java.io.File
class MySuite extends Suite {
  private var reader: FileReader = _
  override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) {
    val FileName = "TempFile.txt"
    // Set up the temp file needed by the test
    val writer = new FileWriter(FileName)
    try {
      writer.write("Hello, test!")
    }
    finally {
      writer.close()
    }
    // Create the reader needed by the test
    reader = new FileReader(FileName)
    try {
      test() // Invoke the test function
    }
    finally {
      // Close and delete the temp file
      reader.close()
      val file = new File(FileName)
      file.delete()
    }
  }
  def testReadingFromTheTempFile() {
    var builder = new StringBuilder
    var c = reader.read()
    while (c != -1) {
      builder.append(c.toChar)
      c = reader.read()
    }
    assert(builder.toString === "Hello, test!")
  }
  def testFirstCharOfTheTempFile() {
    assert(reader.read() === 'H')
  }
  def testWithoutAFixture() {
    assert(1 + 1 === 2)
  }
}

If you prefer to keep your test classes immutable, one final variation is to use theFixtureSuite trait from theorg.scalatest.fixture package. Tests in an org.scalatest.fixture.FixtureSuite can have a fixture object passed in as a parameter. You must indicate the type of the fixture object by defining the Fixture type member and define a withFixture method that takes a one-arg test function. (A FixtureSuite has two overloaded withFixture methods, therefore, one that takes a OneArgTestand the other, inherited from Suite, that takes a NoArgTest.) Inside the withFixture(OneArgTest) method, you create the fixture, pass it into the test function, then perform any necessary cleanup after the test function returns. Instead of invoking each test directly, a FixtureSuite will pass a function that invokes the code of a test to withFixture(OneArgTest). Your withFixture(OneArgTest) method, therefore, is responsible for actually running the code of the test by invoking the test function. For example, you could pass the temp file reader fixture to each test that needs it by overriding the withFixture(OneArgTest) method of a FixtureSuite, like this:

import org.scalatest.fixture.FixtureSuite
import java.io.FileReader
import java.io.FileWriter
import java.io.File
class MySuite extends FixtureSuite {
  // No vars needed in this one
  type FixtureParam = FileReader
  def withFixture(test: OneArgTest) {
    val FileName = "TempFile.txt"
    // Set up the temp file needed by the test
    val writer = new FileWriter(FileName)
    try {
      writer.write("Hello, test!")
    }
    finally {
      writer.close()
    }
    // Create the reader needed by the test
    val reader = new FileReader(FileName)
    try {
      // Run the test, passing in the temp file reader
      test(reader)
    }
    finally {
      // Close and delete the temp file
      reader.close()
      val file = new File(FileName)
      file.delete()
    }
  }
  def testReadingFromTheTempFile(reader: FileReader) {
    var builder = new StringBuilder
    var c = reader.read()
    while (c != -1) {
      builder.append(c.toChar)
      c = reader.read()
    }
    assert(builder.toString === "Hello, test!")
  }
  def testFirstCharOfTheTempFile(reader: FileReader) {
    assert(reader.read() === 'H')
  }
  def testWithoutAFixture() {
    assert(1 + 1 === 2)
  }
}

It is worth noting that the only difference in the test code between the mutableBeforeAndAfterEach approach shown previously and the immutable FixtureSuiteapproach shown here is that two of the FixtureSuite's test methods take a FileReader as a parameter. Otherwise the test code is identical. One benefit of the explicit parameter is that, as demonstrated by the testWithoutAFixture method, a FixtureSuitetest method need not take the fixture. (Tests that don't take a fixture as a parameter are passed to the withFixturethat takes a NoArgTest, shown previously.) So you can have some tests that take a fixture, and others that don't. In this case, the FixtureSuite provides documentation indicating which test methods use the fixture and which don't, whereas the BeforeAndAfterEach approach does not.

If you want to execute code before and after all tests (and nested suites) in a suite, such as you could do with @BeforeClass and @AfterClassannotations in JUnit 4, you can use the beforeAll and afterAllmethods of BeforeAndAfterAll. See the documentation for BeforeAndAfterAll for an example.

The config map

In some cases you may need to pass information to a suite of tests. For example, perhaps a suite of tests needs to grab information from a file, and you want to be able to specify a different filename during different runs. You can accomplish this in ScalaTest by passing the filename in the config map of key-value pairs, which is passed to run as a Map[String, Any]. The values in the config map are called "config objects," because they can be used to configuresuites, reporters, and tests.

You can specify a string config object is via the ScalaTest Runner, either via the command line or ScalaTest's ant task. (See the documentation for Runner for information on how to specify config objects on the command line.) The config map is passed to run, runNestedSuites, runTests, and runTest, so one way to access it in your suite is to override one of those methods. If you need to use the config map inside your tests, you can use one of the traits in the org.scalatest.fixture package. (See thedocumentation for FixtureSuitefor instructions on how to access the config map in tests.)

Tagging tests

A Suite's tests may be classified into groups by tagging them with string names. When executing a Suite, groups of tests can optionally be included and/or excluded. In this trait's implementation, tags are indicated by annotations attached to the test method. To create a new tag type to use in Suites, simply define a new Java annotation that itself is annotated with the org.scalatest.TagAnnotation annotation. (Currently, for annotations to be visible in Scala programs via Java reflection, the annotations themselves must be written in Java.) For example, to create a tag named SlowAsMolasses, to use to mark slow tests, you would write in Java:

BECAUSE OF A SCALADOC BUG IN SCALA 2.8, I HAD TO PUT A SPACE AFTER THE AT SIGN IN ONE THE TARGET ANNOTATION EXAMPLE BELOW. IF YOU WANT TO COPY AND PASTE FROM THIS EXAMPLE, YOU'LL NEED TO REMOVE THE SPACE BY HAND, OR COPY FROM THE SUITE SCALADOC FOR VERSION 1.1 INSTEAD, WHICH IS ALSO VALID FOR 1.3. - Bill Venners

import java.lang.annotation.*;
import org.scalatest.TagAnnotation
@TagAnnotation
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@ Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE})
public @interface SlowAsMolasses {}

Given this new annotation, you could place a Suite test method into the SlowAsMolasses group (i.e., tag it as being SlowAsMolasses) like this:

@SlowAsMolasses
def testSleeping() = sleep(1000000)

The primary run method takes a Filter, whose constructor takes an optionalSet[String]s called tagsToInclude and a Set[String] calledtagsToExclude. If tagsToInclude is None, all tests will be run except those those belonging to tags listed in thetagsToExclude Set. If tagsToInclude is defined, only tests belonging to tags mentioned in the tagsToInclude set, and not mentioned in tagsToExclude, will be run.

Ignored tests

Another common use case is that tests must be “temporarily” disabled, with the good intention of resurrecting the test at a later time. ScalaTest provides an Ignoreannotation for this purpose. You use it like this:

import org.scalatest.Suite
import org.scalatest.Ignore
class MySuite extends Suite {
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    assert(sum === 2)
    assert(sum + 2 === 4)
  }
  @Ignore
  def testSubtraction() {
    val diff = 4 - 1
    assert(diff === 3)
    assert(diff - 2 === 1)
  }
}

If you run this version of MySuite with:

scala> (new MySuite).run()

It will run only testAddition and report that testSubtraction was ignored. You'll see:

MySuite:
- testAddition
- testSubtraction !!! IGNORED !!!

Ignore is implemented as a tag. The Filter class effectively adds org.scalatest.Ignore to the tagsToExclude Set if it not already in the tagsToExclude set passed to its primary constructor. The only difference betweenorg.scalatest.Ignore and the tags you may define and exclude is that ScalaTest reports ignored tests to the Reporter. The reason ScalaTest reports ignored tests is as a feeble attempt to encourage ignored tests to be eventually fixed and added back into the active suite of tests.

Pending tests

A pending test is one that has been given a name but is not yet implemented. The purpose of pending tests is to facilitate a style of testing in which documentation of behavior is sketched out before tests are written to verify that behavior (and often, the before the behavior of the system being tested is itself implemented). Such sketches form a kind of specification of what tests and functionality to implement later.

To support this style of testing, a test can be given a name that specifies one bit of behavior required by the system being tested. The test can also include some code that sends more information about the behavior to the reporter when the tests run. At the end of the test, it can call method pending, which will cause it to complete abruptly with TestPendingException. Because tests in ScalaTest can be designated as pending with TestPendingException, both the test name and any information sent to the reporter when running the test can appear in the report of a test run. (In other words, the code of a pending test is executed just like any other test.) However, because the test completes abruptly with TestPendingException, the test will be reported as pending, to indicate the actual test, and possibly the functionality it is intended to test, has not yet been implemented.

Although pending tests may be used more often in specification-style suites, such asorg.scalatest.Spec, you can also use it in Suite, like this:

import org.scalatest.Suite
class MySuite extends Suite {
  def testAddition() {
    val sum = 1 + 1
    assert(sum === 2)
    assert(sum + 2 === 4)
  }
  def testSubtraction() { pending }
}

If you run this version of MySuite with:

scala> (new MySuite).run()

It will run both tests but report that testSubtraction is pending. You'll see:

MySuite:
- testAddition
- testSubtraction (pending)

Informers

One of the parameters to the primary run method is an Reporter, which will collect and report information about the running suite of tests. Information about suites and tests that were run, whether tests succeeded or failed, and tests that were ignored will be passed to the Reporter as the suite runs. Most often the reporting done by default by Suite's methods will be sufficient, but occasionally you may wish to provide custom information to the Reporter from a test method. For this purpose, you can optionally include an Informer parameter in a test method, and then pass the extra information to the Informer via its apply method. The Informerwill then pass the information to the Reporter by sending an InfoProvided event. Here's an example:

import org.scalatest._
class MySuite extends Suite {
  def testAddition(info: Informer) {
    assert(1 + 1 === 2)
    info("Addition seems to work")
  }
}

If you run this Suite from the interpreter, you will see the message included in the printed report:

scala> (new MySuite).run()
MySuite:
- testAddition(Informer)
  + Addition seems to work

Executing suites in parallel

The primary run method takes as its last parameter an optional Distributor. If a Distributor is passed in, this trait's implementation of run puts its nestedSuites into the distributor rather than executing them directly. The caller of runis responsible for ensuring that some entity runs the Suites placed into the distributor. The -c command line parameter to Runner, for example, will causeSuites put into the Distributor to be run in parallel via a pool of threads.

Treatment of `java.lang.Error`s

The Javadoc documentation for java.lang.Error states:

An Error is a subclass of Throwable that indicates serious problems that a reasonable application should not try to catch. Most such errors are abnormal conditions.

Because Errors are used to denote serious errors, trait Suite and its subtypes in the ScalaTest API do not always treat a test that completes abruptly with an Error as a test failure, but sometimes as an indication that serious problems have arisen that should cause the run to abort. For example, if a test completes abruptly with an OutOfMemoryError, it will not be reported as a test failure, but will instead cause the run to abort. Because not everyone uses Errors only to represent serious problems, however, ScalaTest only behaves this way for the following exception types (and their subclasses):

java.lang.annotation.AnnotationFormatError
java.awt.AWTError
java.nio.charset.CoderMalfunctionError
javax.xml.parsers.FactoryConfigurationError
java.lang.LinkageError
java.lang.ThreadDeath
javax.xml.transform.TransformerFactoryConfigurationError
java.lang.VirtualMachineError

The previous list includes all Errors that exist as part of Java 1.5 API, excluding java.lang.AssertionError. ScalaTest does treat a thrown AssertionError as an indication of a test failure. In addition, any other Error that is not an instance of a type mentioned in the previous list will be caught by the Suite traits in the ScalaTest API and reported as the cause of a test failure.

Although trait Suite and all its subtypes in the ScalaTest API consistently behave this way with regard to Errors, this behavior is not required by the contract of Suite. Subclasses and subtraits that you define, for example, may treat allErrors as test failures, or indicate errors in some other way that has nothing to do with exceptions.

Extensibility

Trait Suite provides default implementations of its methods that should be sufficient for most applications, but many methods can be overridden when desired. Here's a summary of the methods that are intended to be overridden:

run - override this method to define custom ways to run suites of tests.
runNestedSuites - override this method to define custom ways to run nested suites.
runTests - override this method to define custom ways to run a suite's tests.
runTest - override this method to define custom ways to run a single named test.
testNames - override this method to specify the Suite's test names in a custom way.
tags - override this method to specify the Suite's test tags in a custom way.
nestedSuites - override this method to specify the Suite's nested Suites in a custom way.
suiteName - override this method to specify the Suite's name in a custom way.
expectedTestCount - override this method to count this Suite's expected tests in a custom way.

For example, this trait's implementation of testNames performs reflection to discover methods starting with test, and places these in a Set whose iterator returns the names in alphabetical order. If you wish to run tests in a different order in a particular Suite, perhaps because a test named testAlpha can only succeed after a test namedtestBeta has run, you can override testNames so that it returns a Set whose iterator returnstestBeta before testAlpha. (This trait's implementation of run will invoke tests in the order they come out of the testNames Set iterator.)

Alternatively, you may not like starting your test methods with test, and prefer using @Test annotations in the style of Java's JUnit 4 or TestNG. If so, you can override testNames to discover tests using either of these two APIs@Test annotations, or one of your own invention. (This is in fact how org.scalatest.junit.JUnitSuite and org.scalatest.testng.TestNGSuite work.)

Moreover, test in ScalaTest does not necessarily mean test method. A test can be anything that can be given a name, that starts and either succeeds or fails, and can be ignored. In org.scalatest.FunSuite, for example, tests are represented as function values. This approach might look foreign to JUnit users, but may feel more natural to programmers with a functional programming background. To facilitate this style of writing tests, FunSuite overrides testNames, runTest, and run such that you can define tests as function values.

You can also model existing JUnit 3, JUnit 4, or TestNG tests as suites of tests, thereby incorporating tests written in Java into a ScalaTest suite. The "wrapper" classes in packages org.scalatest.junit and org.scalatest.testng exist to make this easy. No matter what legacy tests you may have, it is likely you can create or use an existing Suite subclass that allows you to model those tests as ScalaTest suites and tests and incorporate them into a ScalaTest suite. You can then write new tests in Scala and continue supporting older tests in Java.

go to: companion

linear super types: AbstractSuite, Assertions, AnyRef, Any

self type: Suite

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Type Members

class Equalizer extends AnyRef

Class used via an implicit conversion to enable any two objects to be compared with=== in assertions in tests.
trait NoArgTest extends () ⇒ Unit

A test function taking no arguments, which also provides a test name and config map.

Value Members

def != (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def != (arg0: Any) : Boolean

o != arg0 is the same as !(o == (arg0)).

o != arg0 is the same as !(o == (arg0)).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for dis-equality.
returns
false if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; true otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: Any
def ## () : Int

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef → Any
def $asInstanceOf [T0] () : T0

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def $isInstanceOf [T0] () : Boolean

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def == (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

o == arg0 is the same as if (o eq null) arg0 eq null else o.equals(arg0).

o == arg0 is the same as if (o eq null) arg0 eq null else o.equals(arg0).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for equality.
returns
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def == (arg0: Any) : Boolean

o == arg0 is the same as o.equals(arg0).

o == arg0 is the same as o.equals(arg0).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for equality.
returns
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: Any
def asInstanceOf [T0] : T0

This method is used to cast the receiver object to be of type T0.

This method is used to cast the receiver object to be of type T0.
Note that the success of a cast at runtime is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression1.asInstanceOf[String] will throw a ClassCastException at runtime, while the expressionList(1).asInstanceOf[List[String]] will not. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested typed.
returns
the receiver object.
attributes: final
definition classes: Any
def assert (o: Option[String]) : Unit

Assert that an Option[String] is None.
Assert that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with the Stringvalue of the Some included in the TestFailedException's detail message.
This form of assert is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:
```
assert(a === b)
```
For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation forEqualizer.
o
the Option[String] to assert
definition classes: Assertions
def assert (o: Option[String], clue: Any) : Unit

Assert that an Option[String] is None.
Assert that an Option[String] is None. If the condition is None, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with the Stringvalue of the Some, as well as theString obtained by invoking toString on the specified message, included in the TestFailedException's detail message.
This form of assert is usually called in conjunction with an implicit conversion to Equalizer, using a === comparison, as in:
```
assert(a === b, "extra info reported if assertion fails")
```
For more information on how this mechanism works, see the documentation forEqualizer.
o
the Option[String] to assert
clue
An objects whose toString method returns a message to include in a failure report.
definition classes: Assertions
def assert (condition: Boolean, clue: Any) : Unit

Assert that a boolean condition, described in Stringmessage, is true.

Assert that a boolean condition, described in Stringmessage, is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException with theString obtained by invoking toString on the specified message as the exception's detail message.
condition
the boolean condition to assert
clue
An objects whose toString method returns a message to include in a failure report.
definition classes: Assertions
def assert (condition: Boolean) : Unit

Assert that a boolean condition is true.

Assert that a boolean condition is true. If the condition is true, this method returns normally. Else, it throws TestFailedException.
condition
the boolean condition to assert
definition classes: Assertions
def clone () : AnyRef

This method creates and returns a copy of the receiver object.

This method creates and returns a copy of the receiver object.
The default implementation of the clone method is platform dependent.
returns
a copy of the receiver object.
attributes: protected
definition classes: AnyRef
implicit def convertToEqualizer (left: Any) : Equalizer

Implicit conversion from Any to Equalizer, used to enable assertions with === comparisons.
Implicit conversion from Any to Equalizer, used to enable assertions with === comparisons.
For more information on this mechanism, see the documentation for </code>Equalizer</code>.
Because trait Suite mixes in Assertions, this implicit conversion will always be available by default in ScalaTest Suites. This is the only implicit conversion that is in scope by default in every ScalaTest Suite. Other implicit conversions offered by ScalaTest, such as those that support the matchers DSL or invokePrivate, must be explicitly invited into your test code, either by mixing in a trait or importing the members of its companion object. The reason ScalaTest requires you to invite in implicit conversions (with the exception of the implicit conversion for === operator) is because if one of ScalaTest's implicit conversions clashes with an implicit conversion used in the code you are trying to test, your program won't compile. Thus there is a chance that if you are ever trying to use a library or test some code that also offers an implicit conversion involving a === operator, you could run into the problem of a compiler error due to an ambiguous implicit conversion. If that happens, you can turn off the implicit conversion offered by this convertToEqualizer method simply by overriding the method in yourSuite subclass, but not marking it as implicit:
```
// In your Suite subclass
override def convertToEqualizer(left: Any) = new Equalizer(left)
```
left
the object whose type to convert to Equalizer.
attributes: implicit
definition classes: Assertions
def eq (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

This method is used to test whether the argument (arg0) is a reference to the receiver object (this).

This method is used to test whether the argument (arg0) is a reference to the receiver object (this).
The eq method implements an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation equivalence relation] on non-null instances of AnyRef: * It is reflexive: for any non-null instance x of type AnyRef, x.eq(x) returns true. * It is symmetric: for any non-null instances x and y of type AnyRef, x.eq(y) returns true if and only if y.eq(x) returns true. * It is transitive: for any non-null instances x, y, and z of type AnyRef if x.eq(y) returns true and y.eq(z) returns true, then x.eq(z) returns true.
Additionally, the eq method has three other properties. * It is consistent: for any non-null instances x and y of type AnyRef, multiple invocations of x.eq(y) consistently returns true or consistently returns false. * For any non-null instance x of type AnyRef, x.eq(null) and null.eq(x) returns false. * null.eq(null) returns true.
When overriding the equals or hashCode methods, it is important to ensure that their behavior is consistent with reference equality. Therefore, if two objects are references to each other (o1 eq o2), they should be equal to each other (o1 == o2) and they should hash to the same value (o1.hashCode == o2.hashCode).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for reference equality.
returns
true if the argument is a reference to the receiver object; false otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def equals (arg0: Any) : Boolean

This method is used to compare the receiver object (this) with the argument object (arg0) for equivalence.

This method is used to compare the receiver object (this) with the argument object (arg0) for equivalence.
The default implementations of this method is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_relation equivalence relation]: * It is reflexive: for any instance x of type Any, x.equals(x) should return true. * It is symmetric: for any instances x and y of type Any, x.equals(y) should return true if and only if y.equals(x) returns true. * It is transitive: for any instances x, y, and z of type AnyRef if x.equals(y) returns true and y.equals(z) returns true, then x.equals(z) should return true.
If you override this method, you should verify that your implementation remains an equivalence relation. Additionally, when overriding this method it is often necessary to override hashCode to ensure that objects that are "equal" (o1.equals(o2) returns true) hash to the same scala.Int (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for equality.
returns
true if the receiver object is equivalent to the argument; false otherwise.
definition classes: AnyRef → Any
def execute (testName: String =null, configMap: Map[String, Any] =Map(), color: Boolean =true, durations: Boolean =false, shortstacks: Boolean =false, fullstacks: Boolean =false, stats: Boolean =false) : Unit

Executes one or more tests in this Suite, printing results to the standard output.
Executes one or more tests in this Suite, printing results to the standard output.
This method invokes run on itself, passing in values that can be configured via the parameters to this method, all of which have default values. This behavior is convenient when working with ScalaTest in the Scala interpreter. Here's a summary of this method's parameters and how you can use them:
The testName parameter
If you leave testName at its default value (of null), this method will pass None to the testName parameter of run, and as a result all the tests in this suite will be executed. If you specify a testName, this method will pass Some(testName) to run, and only that test will be run. Thus to run all tests in a suite from the Scala interpreter, you can write:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute()
```
To run just the test named "my favorite test" in a suite from the Scala interpreter, you would write:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute("my favorite test")
```
Or:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(testName = "my favorite test")
```
The configMap parameter
If you provide a value for the configMap parameter, this method will pass it to run. If not, the default value of an empty Map will be passed. For more information on how to use a config map to configure your test suites, see the config map section in the main documentation for this trait. Here's an example in which you configure a run with the name of an input file:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(configMap = Map("inputFileName" -> "in.txt")
```
The color parameter
If you leave the color parameter unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run to print to the standard output in color (via ansi escape characters). If you don't want color output, specify false for color, like this:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(color = false)
```
The durations parameter
If you leave the durations parameter unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run tonot print durations for tests and suites to the standard output. If you want durations printed, specify true for durations, like this:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(durations = true)
```
The shortstacks and fullstacks parameters
If you leave both the shortstacks and fullstacks parameters unspecified, this method will configure the reporter it passes to run to not print stack traces for failed tests if it has a stack depth that identifies the offending line of test code. If you prefer a short stack trace (10 to 15 stack frames) to be printed with any test failure, specify true forshortstacks:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(shortstacks = true)
```
For full stack traces, set fullstacks to true:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(fullstacks = true)
```
If you specify true for both shortstacks and fullstacks, you'll get full stack traces.
The stats parameter
If you leave the stats parameter unspecified, this method will not fire RunStarting and either RunCompletedor RunAborted events to the reporter it passes to run. If you specify true for stats, this method will fire the run events to the reporter, and the reporter will print the expected test count before the run, and various statistics after, including the number of suites completed and number of tests that succeeded, failed, were ignored or marked pending. Here's how you get the stats:
```
scala> (new MySuite).execute(stats = true)
```
To summarize, this method will pass to run:
- testName - None if this method's testName parameter is left at its default value of null, else Some(testName).
- reporter - a reporter that prints to the standard output
- stopper - a Stopper whose apply method always returns false
- filter - a Filter constructed with None for tagsToInclude and Set() for tagsToExclude
- configMap - the configMap passed to this method
- distributor - None
- tracker - a new Tracker
Note: In ScalaTest, the terms "execute" and "run" basically mean the same thing and can be used interchangably. The reason this method isn't named run is that it takes advantage of default arguments, and you can't mix overloaded methods and default arguments in Scala. (If named run, this method would have the same name but different arguments than the main run method that takes seven arguments. Thus it would overload and couldn't be used with default argument values.)
Design note: This method has two "features" that may seem unidiomatic. First, the default value of testName is null. Normally in Scala the type of testName would be Option[String] and the default value would be None, as it is in this trait's run method. The null value is used here for two reasons. First, in ScalaTest 1.5, execute was changed from four overloaded methods to one method with default values, taking advantage of the default and named parameters feature introduced in Scala 2.8. To not break existing source code, testName needed to have type String, as it did in two of the overloadedexecute methods prior to 1.5. The other reason is that execute has always been designed to be called primarily from an interpeter environment, such as the Scala REPL (Read-Evaluate-Print-Loop). In an interpreter environment, minimizing keystrokes is king. A String type with a null default value lets users type suite.execute("my test name") rather thansuite.execute(Some("my test name")), saving several keystrokes.
The second non-idiomatic feature is that shortstacks and fullstacks are all lower case rather than camel case. This is done to be consistent with the Shell, which also uses those forms. The reason lower case is used in the Shell is to save keystrokes in an interpreter environment. Most Unix commands, for example, are all lower case, making them easier and quicker to type. In the ScalaTestShell, methods like shortstacks, fullstacks, and nostats, etc., are designed to be all lower case so they feel more like shell commands than methods.
testName
the name of one test to run.
configMap
a Map of key-value pairs that can be used by the executing Suite of tests.
color
a boolean that configures whether output is printed in color
durations
a boolean that configures whether test and suite durations are printed to the standard output
shortstacks
a boolean that configures whether short stack traces should be printed for test failures
fullstacks
a boolean that configures whether full stack traces should be printed for test failures
stats
a boolean that configures whether test and suite statistics are printed to the standard output
attributes: final
def expect (expected: Any)(actual: Any) : Unit

Expect that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual.

Expect that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual. If the actual value equals the expected value (as determined by ==), expect returns normally. Else, expect throws anTestFailedException whose detail message includes the expected and actual values.
expected
the expected value
actual
the actual value, which should equal the passed expected value
definition classes: Assertions
def expect (expected: Any, clue: Any)(actual: Any) : Unit

Expect that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual.

Expect that the value passed as expected equals the value passed as actual. If the actual equals the expected(as determined by ==), expect returns normally. Else, if actual is not equal to expected, expect throws anTestFailedException whose detail message includes the expected and actual values, as well as the Stringobtained by invoking toString on the passed message.
expected
the expected value
clue
An object whose toString method returns a message to include in a failure report.
actual
the actual value, which should equal the passed expected value
definition classes: Assertions
def expectedTestCount (filter: Filter) : Int

The total number of tests that are expected to run when this Suite's run method is invoked.
The total number of tests that are expected to run when this Suite's run method is invoked.
This trait's implementation of this method returns the sum of:
- the size of the testNames List, minus the number of tests marked as ignored
- the sum of the values obtained by invoking expectedTestCount on every nested Suite contained in nestedSuites
filter
a Filter with which to filter tests to count based on their tags
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def fail (cause: Throwable) : Nothing

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedThrowable cause, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedThrowable cause, to indicate a test failed. The getMessage method of the thrown TestFailedExceptionwill return cause.toString().
cause
a Throwable that indicates the cause of the failure.
definition classes: Assertions
def fail (message: String, cause: Throwable) : Nothing

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedString message as the exception's detail message and Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedString message as the exception's detail message and Throwable cause, to indicate a test failed.
message
A message describing the failure.
cause
A Throwable that indicates the cause of the failure.
definition classes: Assertions
def fail (message: String) : Nothing

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedString message as the exception's detail message, to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException, with the passedString message as the exception's detail message, to indicate a test failed.
message
A message describing the failure.
definition classes: Assertions
def fail () : Nothing

Throws TestFailedException to indicate a test failed.

Throws TestFailedException to indicate a test failed.
definition classes: Assertions
def finalize () : Unit

This method is called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.

This method is called by the garbage collector on the receiver object when garbage collection determines that there are no more references to the object.
The details of when and if the finalize method are invoked, as well as the interaction between finalizeand non-local returns and exceptions, are all platform dependent.
attributes: protected
definition classes: AnyRef
def getClass () : java.lang.Class[_]

Returns a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.

Returns a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
The nature of the representation is platform dependent.
returns
a representation that corresponds to the dynamic class of the receiver object.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def hashCode () : Int

Returns a hash code value for the object.

Returns a hash code value for the object.
The default hashing algorithm is platform dependent.
Note that it is allowed for two objects to have identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)) yet not be equal (o1.equals(o2) returns false). A degenerate implementation could always return 0. However, it is required that if two objects are equal (o1.equals(o2) returns true) that they have identical hash codes (o1.hashCode.equals(o2.hashCode)). Therefore, when overriding this method, be sure to verify that the behavior is consistent with the equals method.
returns
the hash code value for the object.
definition classes: AnyRef → Any
def intercept [T <: AnyRef] (f: ⇒ Any)(implicit manifest: Manifest[T]) : T

Intercept and return an exception that's expected to be thrown by the passed function value.

Intercept and return an exception that's expected to be thrown by the passed function value. The thrown exception must be an instance of the type specified by the type parameter of this method. This method invokes the passed function. If the function throws an exception that's an instance of the specified type, this method returns that exception. Else, whether the passed function returns normally or completes abruptly with a different exception, this method throws TestFailedException.
Note that the type specified as this method's type parameter may represent any subtype ofAnyRef, not just Throwable or one of its subclasses. In Scala, exceptions can be caught based on traits they implement, so it may at times make sense to specify a trait that the intercepted exception's class must mix in. If a class instance is passed for a type that could not possibly be used to catch an exception (such as String, for example), this method will complete abruptly with a TestFailedException.
f
the function value that should throw the expected exception
manifest
an implicit Manifest representing the type of the specified type parameter.
returns
the intercepted exception, if it is of the expected type
definition classes: Assertions
def isInstanceOf [T0] : Boolean

This method is used to test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0.

This method is used to test whether the dynamic type of the receiver object is T0.
Note that the test result of the test is modulo Scala's erasure semantics. Therefore the expression1.isInstanceOf[String] will return false, while the expression List(1).isInstanceOf[List[String]] will return true. In the latter example, because the type argument is erased as part of compilation it is not possible to check whether the contents of the list are of the requested typed.
returns
true if the receiver object is an instance of erasure of type T0; false otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: Any
def ne (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

o.ne(arg0) is the same as !(o.eq(arg0)).

o.ne(arg0) is the same as !(o.eq(arg0)).
arg0
the object to compare against this object for reference dis-equality.
returns
false if the argument is not a reference to the receiver object; true otherwise.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def nestedSuites : List[Suite]

A List of this Suite object's nested Suites. If this Suite contains no nested Suites, this method returns an empty List. This trait's implementation of this method returns an empty List.

A List of this Suite object's nested Suites. If this Suite contains no nested Suites, this method returns an empty List. This trait's implementation of this method returns an empty List.
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def notify () : Unit

Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

Wakes up a single thread that is waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def notifyAll () : Unit

Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.

Wakes up all threads that are waiting on the receiver object's monitor.
attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def pending : PendingNothing

Throws TestPendingException to indicate a test is pending.
Throws TestPendingException to indicate a test is pending.
A pending test is one that has been given a name but is not yet implemented. The purpose of pending tests is to facilitate a style of testing in which documentation of behavior is sketched out before tests are written to verify that behavior (and often, the before the behavior of the system being tested is itself implemented). Such sketches form a kind of specification of what tests and functionality to implement later.
To support this style of testing, a test can be given a name that specifies one bit of behavior required by the system being tested. The test can also include some code that sends more information about the behavior to the reporter when the tests run. At the end of the test, it can call method pending, which will cause it to complete abruptly with TestPendingException. Because tests in ScalaTest can be designated as pending with TestPendingException, both the test name and any information sent to the reporter when running the test can appear in the report of a test run. (In other words, the code of a pending test is executed just like any other test.) However, because the test completes abruptly with TestPendingException, the test will be reported as pending, to indicate the actual test, and possibly the functionality it is intended to test, has not yet been implemented.
Note: This method always completes abruptly with a TestPendingException. Thus it always has a side effect. Methods with side effects are usually invoked with parentheses, as in pending(). This method is defined as a parameterless method, in flagrant contradiction to recommended Scala style, because it forms a kind of DSL for pending tests. It enables tests in suites such as FunSuite or Specto be denoted by placing "(pending)" after the test name, as in:
```
test("that style rules are not laws") (pending)
```
Readers of the code see "pending" in parentheses, which looks like a little note attached to the test name to indicate it is pending. Whereas "(pending()) looks more like a method call, "(pending)" lets readers stay at a higher level, forgetting how it is implemented and just focusing on the intent of the programmer who wrote the code.
def pendingUntilFixed (f: ⇒ Unit) : Unit

Execute the passed block of code, and if it completes abruptly, throw TestPendingException, else throw TestFailedException.

Execute the passed block of code, and if it completes abruptly, throw TestPendingException, else throw TestFailedException.
This method can be used to temporarily change a failing test into a pending test in such a way that it will automatically turn back into a failing test once the problem originally causing the test to fail has been fixed. At that point, you need only remove the pendingUntilFixed call. In other words, apendingUntilFixed surrounding a block of code that isn't broken is treated as a test failure. The motivation for this behavior is to encourage people to remove pendingUntilFixed calls when there are no longer needed.
This method facilitates a style of testing in which tests are written before the code they test. Sometimes you may encounter a test failure that requires more functionality than you want to tackle without writing more tests. In this case you can mark the bit of test code causing the failure with pendingUntilFixed. You can then write more tests and functionality that eventually will get your production code to a point where the original test won't fail anymore. At this point the code block marked with pendingUntilFixed will no longer throw an exception (because the problem has been fixed). This will in turn cause pendingUntilFixed to throw TestFailedExceptionwith a detail message explaining you need to go back and remove the pendingUntilFixed call as the problem orginally causing your test code to fail has been fixed.
f
a block of code, which if it completes abruptly, should trigger a TestPendingException
def run (testName: Option[String], reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

Runs this suite of tests.
Runs this suite of tests.
If testName is None, this trait's implementation of this method calls these two methods on this object in this order:
- runNestedSuites(report, stopper, tagsToInclude, tagsToExclude, configMap, distributor)
- runTests(testName, report, stopper, tagsToInclude, tagsToExclude, configMap)
If testName is defined, then this trait's implementation of this method calls runTests, but does not call runNestedSuites. This behavior is part of the contract of this method. Subclasses that override run must take care not to call runNestedSuites if testName is defined. (TheOneInstancePerTest trait depends on this behavior, for example.)
Subclasses and subtraits that override this run method can implement them without invoking either the runTests or runNestedSuites methods, which are invoked by this trait's implementation of this method. It is recommended, but not required, that subclasses and subtraits that override run in a way that does not invoke runNestedSuites also override runNestedSuites and make it final. Similarly it is recommended, but not required, that subclasses and subtraits that override run in a way that does not invoke runTests also override runTests (and runTest, which this trait's implementation of runTests calls) and make it final. The implementation of these final methods can either invoke the superclass implementation of the method, or throw an UnsupportedOperationException if appropriate. The reason for this recommendation is that ScalaTest includes several traits that override these methods to allow behavior to be mixed into a Suite. For example, traitBeforeAndAfterEach overrides runTestss. In a Suitesubclass that no longer invokes runTests from run, theBeforeAndAfterEach trait is not applicable. Mixing it in would have no effect. By making runTests final in such a Suite subtrait, you make the attempt to mix BeforeAndAfterEach into a subclass of your subtrait a compiler error. (It would fail to compile with a complaint that BeforeAndAfterEachis trying to override runTests, which is a final method in your trait.)
testName
an optional name of one test to run. If None, all relevant tests should be run. I.e., None acts like a wildcard that means run all relevant tests in this Suite.
reporter
the Reporter to which results will be reported
stopper
the Stopper that will be consulted to determine whether to stop execution early.
filter
a Filter with which to filter tests based on their tags
configMap
a Map of key-value pairs that can be used by the executing Suite of tests.
distributor
an optional Distributor, into which to put nested Suites to be run by another entity, such as concurrently by a pool of threads. If None, nested Suites will be run sequentially.
tracker
a Tracker tracking Ordinals being fired by the current thread.
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def runNestedSuites (reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

Run zero to many of this Suite's nested Suites.

Run zero to many of this Suite's nested Suites.
If the passed distributor is None, this trait's implementation of this method invokes run on each nested Suite in the List obtained by invoking nestedSuites. If a nested Suite's runmethod completes abruptly with an exception, this trait's implementation of this method reports that the Suite aborted and attempts to run the next nested Suite. If the passed distributor is defined, this trait's implementation puts each nested Suiteinto the Distributor contained in the Some, in the order in which theSuites appear in the List returned by nestedSuites, passing in a new Tracker obtained by invoking nextTracker on the Trackerpassed to this method.
Implementations of this method are responsible for ensuring SuiteStarting events are fired to the Reporter before executing any nested Suite, and either SuiteCompletedor SuiteAborted after executing any nested Suite.
reporter
the Reporter to which results will be reported
stopper
the Stopper that will be consulted to determine whether to stop execution early.
filter
a Filter with which to filter tests based on their tags
configMap
a Map of key-value pairs that can be used by the executing Suite of tests.
distributor
an optional Distributor, into which to put nested Suites to be run by another entity, such as concurrently by a pool of threads. If None, nested Suites will be run sequentially.
tracker
a Tracker tracking Ordinals being fired by the current thread.
attributes: protected
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def runTest (testName: String, reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, configMap: Map[String, Any], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

Run a test.

Run a test.
This trait's implementation uses Java reflection to invoke on this object the test method identified by the passed testName.
Implementations of this method are responsible for ensuring a TestStarting event is fired to the Reporter before executing any test, and either TestSucceeded,TestFailed, or TestPending after executing any nestedSuite. (If a test is marked with the org.scalatest.Ignore tag, therunTests method is responsible for ensuring a TestIgnored event is fired and that this runTest method is not invoked for that ignored test.)
testName
the name of one test to run.
reporter
the Reporter to which results will be reported
stopper
the Stopper that will be consulted to determine whether to stop execution early.
configMap
a Map of key-value pairs that can be used by the executing Suite of tests.
tracker
a Tracker tracking Ordinals being fired by the current thread.
attributes: protected
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def runTests (testName: Option[String], reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

Run zero to many of this Suite's tests.
Run zero to many of this Suite's tests.
This method takes a testName parameter that optionally specifies a test to invoke. If testName is defined, this trait's implementation of this method invokes runTest on this object, passing in:
- testName - the String value of the testName Option passed to this method
- reporter - the Reporter passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
- stopper - the Stopper passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
- configMap - the configMap Map passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
This method takes a Filter, which encapsulates an optional Set of tag names that should be included (tagsToInclude) and a Set that should be excluded (tagsToExclude), when deciding which of this Suite's tests to run. If tagsToInclude is None, all tests will be run except those those belonging to tags listed in the tagsToExclude Set. If tagsToInclude is defined, only tests belonging to tags mentioned in the tagsToInclude Set, and not mentioned in the tagsToExcludeSetwill be run. However, if testName is defined, tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude are essentially ignored. Only if testName is None will tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude be consulted to determine which of the tests named in the testNames Set should be run. This trait's implementation behaves this way, and it is part of the general contract of this method, so all overridden forms of this method should behave this way as well. For more information on test tags, see the main documentation for this trait and for class Filter. Note that this means that even if a test is marked as ignored, for example a test method in a Suite annotated withorg.scalatest.Ignore, if that test name is passed as testName to runTest, it will be invoked despite the Ignore annotation.
If testName is None, this trait's implementation of this method invokes testNames on this Suite to get a Set of names of tests to potentially run. (A testNames value of None essentially acts as a wildcard that means all tests in this Suite that are selected by tagsToInclude and tagsToExclude should be run.) For each test in the testName Set, in the order they appear in the iterator obtained by invoking the elements method on the Set, this trait's implementation of this method checks whether the test should be run based on the Filter. If so, this implementation invokes runTest, passing in:
- testName - the String name of the test to run (which will be one of the names in the testNames Set)
- reporter - the Reporter passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
- stopper - the Stopper passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
- configMap - the configMap passed to this method, or one that wraps and delegates to it
If a test is marked with the org.scalatest.Ignore tag, implementations of this method are responsible for ensuring a TestIgnored event is fired for that test and that runTest is not called for that test.
testName
an optional name of one test to run. If None, all relevant tests should be run. I.e., None acts like a wildcard that means run all relevant tests in this Suite.
reporter
the Reporter to which results will be reported
stopper
the Stopper that will be consulted to determine whether to stop execution early.
filter
a Filter with which to filter tests based on their tags
configMap
a Map of key-value pairs that can be used by the executing Suite of tests.
distributor
an optional Distributor, into which to put nested Suites to be run by another entity, such as concurrently by a pool of threads. If None, nested Suites will be run sequentially.
tracker
a Tracker tracking Ordinals being fired by the current thread.
attributes: protected
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def suiteName : String

A user-friendly suite name for this Suite.

A user-friendly suite name for this Suite.
This trait's implementation of this method returns the simple name of this object's class. This trait's implementation of runNestedSuites calls this method to obtain a name for Reports to pass to the suiteStarting, suiteCompleted, and suiteAborted methods of the Reporter.
returns
this Suite object's suite name.
def synchronized [T0] (arg0: T0) : T0

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def tags : Map[String, Set[String]]

A Map whose keys are String tag names with which tests in this Suite are marked, and whose values are the Set of test names marked with each tag. If this Suite contains no tags, this method returns an empty Map.

A Map whose keys are String tag names with which tests in this Suite are marked, and whose values are the Set of test names marked with each tag. If this Suite contains no tags, this method returns an empty Map.
This trait's implementation of this method uses Java reflection to discover any Java annotations attached to its test methods. The fully qualified name of each unique annotation that extends TagAnnotation is considered a tag. This trait's implementation of this method, therefore, places one key/value pair into to theMap for each unique tag annotation name discovered through reflection. The mapped value for each tag name key will contain the test method name, as provided via the testNames method.
Subclasses may override this method to define and/or discover tags in a custom manner, but overriding method implementations should never return an empty Set as a value. If a tag has no tests, its name should not appear as a key in the returned Map.
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def testNames : Set[String]

An Set of test names. If this Suite contains no tests, this method returns an empty Set.
An Set of test names. If this Suite contains no tests, this method returns an empty Set.
This trait's implementation of this method uses Java reflection to discover all public methods whose name starts with "test", which take either nothing or a single Informer as parameters. For each discovered test method, it assigns a test name comprised of just the method name if the method takes no parameters, or the method name plus (Informer) if the method takes a Informer. Here are a few method signatures and the names that this trait's implementation assigns them:
```
def testCat() {}         // test name: "testCat"
def testCat(Informer) {} // test name: "testCat(Informer)"
def testDog() {}         // test name: "testDog"
def testDog(Informer) {} // test name: "testDog(Informer)"
def test() {}            // test name: "test"
def test(Informer) {}    // test name: "test(Informer)"
```
This trait's implementation of this method returns an immutable Set of all such names, excluding the nametestNames. The iterator obtained by invoking elements on this returned Set will produce the test names in their natural order, as determined by String'scompareTo method.
This trait's implementation of runTests invokes this method and calls runTest for each test name in the order they appear in the returned Set's iterator. Although this trait's implementation of this method returns a Set whose iterator produces Stringtest names in a well-defined order, the contract of this method does not required a defined order. Subclasses are free to override this method and return test names in an undefined order, or in a defined order that's different from String's natural order.
Subclasses may override this method to produce test names in a custom manner. One potential reason to override testNames is to run tests in a different order, for example, to ensure that tests that depend on other tests are run after those other tests. Another potential reason to override is allow tests to be defined in a different manner, such as methods annotated @Test annotations (as is done in JUnitSuite and TestNGSuite) or test functions registered during construction (as is done in FunSuite and Spec).
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite
def toString () : String

Returns a string representation of the object.

Returns a string representation of the object.
The default representation is platform dependent.
returns
a string representation of the object.
definition classes: AnyRef → Any
def wait () : Unit

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def wait (arg0: Long, arg1: Int) : Unit

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def wait (arg0: Long) : Unit

attributes: final
definition classes: AnyRef
def withClue (clue: Any)(fun: ⇒ Unit) : Unit

Executes the block of code passed as the second parameter, and, if it completes abruptly with a ModifiableMessage exception, prepends the "clue" string passed as the first parameter to the beginning of the detail message of that thrown exception, then rethrows it.
Executes the block of code passed as the second parameter, and, if it completes abruptly with a ModifiableMessage exception, prepends the "clue" string passed as the first parameter to the beginning of the detail message of that thrown exception, then rethrows it. If clue does not end in a white space character, one space will be added between it and the existing detail message (unless the detail message is not defined).
This method allows you to add more information about what went wrong that will be reported when a test fails. Here's an example:
```
withClue("(Employee's name was: " + employee.name + ")") {
  intercept[IllegalArgumentException] {
    employee.getTask(-1)
  }
}
```
If an invocation of intercept completed abruptly with an exception, the resulting message would be something like:
```
(Employee's name was Bob Jones) Expected IllegalArgumentException to be thrown, but no exception was thrown
```
definition classes: Assertions
def withFixture (test: NoArgTest) : Unit

Run the passed test function in the context of a fixture established by this method.

Run the passed test function in the context of a fixture established by this method.
This method should set up the fixture needed by the tests of the current suite, invoke the test function, and if needed, perform any clean up needed after the test completes. Because the NoArgTest function passed to this method takes no parameters, preparing the fixture will require side effects, such as reassigning instance vars in this Suite or initializing a globally accessible external database. If you want to avoid reassigning instance vars you can use FixtureSuite.
This trait's implementation of runTest invokes this method for each test, passing in a NoArgTest whose apply method will execute the code of the test.
This trait's implementation of this method simply invokes the passed NoArgTest function.
test
the no-arg test function to run with a fixture
attributes: protected
definition classes: Suite → AbstractSuite

Suite

trait Suite extends Assertions with AbstractSuite

Assertions and

Expected results

Intercepted exceptions

Using other assertions

Nested suites

Shared fixtures

The config map

Tagging tests

Ignored tests

Pending tests

Informers

Executing suites in parallel

Treatment of java.lang.Errors

Extensibility

Type Members

class Equalizer extends AnyRef

trait NoArgTest extends () ⇒ Unit

Value Members

def != (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

def != (arg0: Any) : Boolean

def ## () : Int

def $asInstanceOf [T0] () : T0

def $isInstanceOf [T0] () : Boolean

def == (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

def == (arg0: Any) : Boolean

def asInstanceOf [T0] : T0

def assert (o: Option[String]) : Unit

def assert (o: Option[String], clue: Any) : Unit

def assert (condition: Boolean, clue: Any) : Unit

def assert (condition: Boolean) : Unit

def clone () : AnyRef

implicit def convertToEqualizer (left: Any) : Equalizer

def eq (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

def equals (arg0: Any) : Boolean

def execute (testName: String =null, configMap: Map[String, Any] =Map(), color: Boolean =true, durations: Boolean =false, shortstacks: Boolean =false, fullstacks: Boolean =false, stats: Boolean =false) : Unit

def expect (expected: Any)(actual: Any) : Unit

def expect (expected: Any, clue: Any)(actual: Any) : Unit

def expectedTestCount (filter: Filter) : Int

def fail (cause: Throwable) : Nothing

def fail (message: String, cause: Throwable) : Nothing

def fail (message: String) : Nothing

def fail () : Nothing

def finalize () : Unit

def getClass () : java.lang.Class[_]

def hashCode () : Int

def intercept [T <: AnyRef] (f: ⇒ Any)(implicit manifest: Manifest[T]) : T

def isInstanceOf [T0] : Boolean

def ne (arg0: AnyRef) : Boolean

def nestedSuites : List[Suite]

def notify () : Unit

def notifyAll () : Unit

def pending : PendingNothing

def pendingUntilFixed (f: ⇒ Unit) : Unit

def run (testName: Option[String], reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

def runNestedSuites (reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

def runTest (testName: String, reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, configMap: Map[String, Any], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

def runTests (testName: Option[String], reporter: Reporter, stopper: Stopper, filter: Filter, configMap: Map[String, Any], distributor: Option[Distributor], tracker: Tracker) : Unit

def suiteName : String

def synchronized [T0] (arg0: T0) : T0

def tags : Map[String, Set[String]]

def testNames : Set[String]

def toString () : String

def wait () : Unit

def wait (arg0: Long, arg1: Int) : Unit

def wait (arg0: Long) : Unit

def withClue (clue: Any)(fun: ⇒ Unit) : Unit

def withFixture (test: NoArgTest) : Unit

Inherited from AbstractSuite

Inherited from Assertions

Inherited from AnyRef

Inherited from Any

Treatment of `java.lang.Error`s