A suite of tests in which each test represents one scenario of a feature. AnyFeatureSpec is intended for writing tests that are "higher level" than unit tests, for example, integration tests, functional tests, and acceptance tests. You can use AnyFeatureSpec for unit testing if you prefer, however.

Although not required, AnyFeatureSpec is often used together with GivenWhenThen to express acceptance requirements in more detail. Here's an example:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec

import org.scalatest._

class TVSet {
  private var on: Boolean = false
  def isOn: Boolean = on
  def pressPowerButton() {
    on = !on
  }
}

class TVSetSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with GivenWhenThen {

  info("As a TV set owner")
  info("I want to be able to turn the TV on and off")
  info("So I can watch TV when I want")
  info("And save energy when I'm not watching TV")

  Feature("TV power button") {
    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is off") {

      Given("a TV set that is switched off")
      val tv = new TVSet
      assert(!tv.isOn)

      When("the power button is pressed")
      tv.pressPowerButton()

      Then("the TV should switch on")
      assert(tv.isOn)
    }

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is on") {

      Given("a TV set that is switched on")
      val tv = new TVSet
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)

      When("the power button is pressed")
      tv.pressPowerButton()

      Then("the TV should switch off")
      assert(!tv.isOn)
    }
  }
}

Note: for more information on the calls to Given, When, and Then, see the documentation for trait GivenWhenThen and the Informers section below.

A AnyFeatureSpec contains feature clauses and scenarios. You define a feature clause with feature, and a scenario with scenario. Both feature and scenario are methods, defined in AnyFeatureSpec, which will be invoked by the primary constructor of TVSetSpec. A feature clause describes a feature of the subject (class or other entity) you are specifying and testing. In the previous example, the subject under specification and test is a TV set. The feature being specified and tested is the behavior of a TV set when its power button is pressed. With each scenario you provide a string (the spec text) that specifies the behavior of the subject for one scenario in which the feature may be used, and a block of code that tests that behavior. You place the spec text between the parentheses, followed by the test code between curly braces. The test code will be wrapped up as a function passed as a by-name parameter to scenario, which will register the test for later execution.

A AnyFeatureSpec's lifecycle has two phases: the registration phase and the ready phase. It starts in registration phase and enters ready phase the first time run is called on it. It then remains in ready phase for the remainder of its lifetime.

Scenarios can only be registered with the scenario method while the AnyFeatureSpec is in its registration phase. Any attempt to register a scenario after the AnyFeatureSpec has entered its ready phase, i.e., after run has been invoked on the AnyFeatureSpec, will be met with a thrown TestRegistrationClosedException. The recommended style of using AnyFeatureSpec is to register tests during object construction as is done in all the examples shown here. If you keep to the recommended style, you should never see a TestRegistrationClosedException.

Each scenario represents one test. The name of the test is the spec text passed to the scenario method. The feature name does not appear as part of the test name. In a AnyFeatureSpec, therefore, you must take care to ensure that each test has a unique name (in other words, that each scenario has unique spec text).

When you run a AnyFeatureSpec, it will send Formatters in the events it sends to the Reporter. ScalaTest's built-in reporters will report these events in such a way that the output is easy to read as an informal specification of the subject being tested. For example, were you to run TVSetSpec from within the Scala interpreter:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new TVSetSpec)

You would see:

TVSetSpec:
As a TV set owner
I want to be able to turn the TV on and off
So I can watch TV when I want
And save energy when I'm not watching TV
Feature: TV power button
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is off
    Given a TV set that is switched off
    When the power button is pressed
    Then the TV should switch on
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on
    Given a TV set that is switched on
    When the power button is pressed
    Then the TV should switch off

Or, to run just the “Feature: TV power button Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on” method, you could pass that test's name, or any unique substring of the name, such as "TV is on". Here's an example:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new TVSetSpec, "TV is on")
TVSetSpec:
As a TV set owner
I want to be able to turn the TV on and off
So I can watch TV when I want
And save energy when I'm not watching TV
Feature: TV power button
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on
    Given a TV set that is switched on
    When the power button is pressed
    Then the TV should switch off

Note: Trait AnyFeatureSpec's syntax is in part inspired by Cucumber, a Ruby BDD framework.

Ignored tests

To support the common use case of temporarily disabling a test, with the good intention of resurrecting the test at a later time, AnyFeatureSpec provides registration methods that start with ignore instead of scenario. For example, to temporarily disable the test named addition, just change “scenario” into “ignore,” like this:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.ignore

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec

class TVSet {
  private var on: Boolean = false
  def isOn: Boolean = on
  def pressPowerButton() {
    on = !on
  }
}

class TVSetSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  Feature("TV power button") {
    ignore("User presses power button when TV is off") {
      val tv = new TVSet
      assert(!tv.isOn)
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)
    }

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is on") {
      val tv = new TVSet
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(!tv.isOn)
    }
  }
}

If you run this version of SetSpec with:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new TVSetSpec)

It will run only the second scenario and report that the first scenario was ignored:

TVSetSpec:
Feature: TV power button
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is off !!! IGNORED !!!
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on

Informers

One of the parameters to AnyFeatureSpec's run method is a Reporter, which will collect and report information about the running suite of tests. Information about suites and tests that were run, whether tests succeeded or failed, and tests that were ignored will be passed to the Reporter as the suite runs. Most often the default reporting done by AnyFeatureSpec's methods will be sufficient, but occasionally you may wish to provide custom information to the Reporter from a test. For this purpose, an Informer that will forward information to the current Reporter is provided via the info parameterless method. You can pass the extra information to the Informer via its apply method. The Informer will then pass the information to the Reporter via an InfoProvided event.

One use case for the Informer is to pass more information about a scenario to the reporter. For example, the GivenWhenThen trait provides methods that use the implicit info provided by AnyFeatureSpec to pass such information to the reporter. You can see this in action in the initial example of this trait's documentation.

Documenters

AnyFeatureSpec also provides a markup method that returns a Documenter, which allows you to send to the Reporter text formatted in Markdown syntax. You can pass the extra information to the Documenter via its apply method. The Documenter will then pass the information to the Reporter via an MarkupProvided event.

Here's an example FlatSpec that uses markup:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.markup

import collection.mutable
import org.scalatest._

class SetSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with GivenWhenThen {

  markup { """

Mutable Set
———--

A set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements.

To implement a concrete mutable set, you need to provide implementations
of the following methods:

    def contains(elem: A): Boolean
    def iterator: Iterator[A]
    def += (elem: A): this.type
    def -= (elem: A): this.type

If you wish that methods like `take`,
`drop`, `filter` return the same kind of set,
you should also override:

     def empty: This

It is also good idea to override methods `foreach` and
`size` for efficiency.

  """ }

  Feature("An element can be added to an empty mutable Set") {
    Scenario("When an element is added to an empty mutable Set") {
      Given("an empty mutable Set")
      val set = mutable.Set.empty[String]

      When("an element is added")
      set += "clarity"

      Then("the Set should have size 1")
      assert(set.size === 1)

      And("the Set should contain the added element")
      assert(set.contains("clarity"))

      markup("This test finished with a **bold** statement!")
    }
  }
}

Although all of ScalaTest's built-in reporters will display the markup text in some form, the HTML reporter will format the markup information into HTML. Thus, the main purpose of markup is to add nicely formatted text to HTML reports. Here's what the above SetSpec would look like in the HTML reporter:

Notifiers and alerters

ScalaTest records text passed to info and markup during tests, and sends the recorded text in the recordedEvents field of test completion events like TestSucceeded and TestFailed. This allows string reporters (like the standard out reporter) to show info and markup text after the test name in a color determined by the outcome of the test. For example, if the test fails, string reporters will show the info and markup text in red. If a test succeeds, string reporters will show the info and markup text in green. While this approach helps the readability of reports, it means that you can't use info to get status updates from long running tests.

To get immediate (i.e., non-recorded) notifications from tests, you can use note (a Notifier) and alert (an Alerter). Here's an example showing the differences:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.note

import collection.mutable
import org.scalatest._

class SetSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec {

  Feature("An element can be added to an empty mutable Set") {
    Scenario("When an element is added to an empty mutable Set") {

      info("info is recorded")
      markup("markup is *also* recorded")
      note("notes are sent immediately")
      alert("alerts are also sent immediately")

      val set = mutable.Set.empty[String]
      set += "clarity"
      assert(set.size === 1)
      assert(set.contains("clarity"))
    }
  }
}

Because note and alert information is sent immediately, it will appear before the test name in string reporters, and its color will be unrelated to the ultimate outcome of the test: note text will always appear in green, alert text will always appear in yellow. Here's an example:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new SetSpec)
SetSpec:
Feature: An element can be added to an empty mutable Set
  + notes are sent immediately
  + alerts are also sent immediately
  Scenario: When an element is added to an empty mutable Set
    info is recorded
  + markup is *also* recorded

Another example is slowpoke notifications. If you find a test is taking a long time to complete, but you're not sure which test, you can enable slowpoke notifications. ScalaTest will use an Alerter to fire an event whenever a test has been running longer than a specified amount of time.

In summary, use info and markup for text that should form part of the specification output. Use note and alert to send status notifications. (Because the HTML reporter is intended to produce a readable, printable specification, info and markup text will appear in the HTML report, but note and alert text will not.)

Pending tests

A pending test is one that has been given a name but is not yet implemented. The purpose of pending tests is to facilitate a style of testing in which documentation of behavior is sketched out before tests are written to verify that behavior (and often, before the behavior of the system being tested is itself implemented). Such sketches form a kind of specification of what tests and functionality to implement later.

To support this style of testing, a test can be given a name that specifies one bit of behavior required by the system being tested. The test can also include some code that sends more information about the behavior to the reporter when the tests run. At the end of the test, it can call method pending, which will cause it to complete abruptly with TestPendingException.

Because tests in ScalaTest can be designated as pending with TestPendingException, both the test name and any information sent to the reporter when running the test can appear in the report of a test run. (In other words, the code of a pending test is executed just like any other test.) However, because the test completes abruptly with TestPendingException, the test will be reported as pending, to indicate the actual test, and possibly the functionality, has not yet been implemented. You can mark tests as pending in a AnyFeatureSpec like this:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.pending

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec

class TVSet {
  private var on: Boolean = false
  def isOn: Boolean = on
  def pressPowerButton() {
    on = !on
  }
}

class TVSetSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  Feature("TV power button") {

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is off") (pending)

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is on") {
      val tv = new TVSet
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(!tv.isOn)
    }
  }
}

(Note: "(pending)" is the body of the test. Thus the test contains just one statement, an invocation of the pending method, which throws TestPendingException.) If you run this version of TVSetSpec with:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new TVSetSpec)

It will run both tests, but report that When empty should have size 0 is pending. You'll see:

TVSetSpec:
Feature: TV power button
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is off (pending)
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on

One difference between an ignored test and a pending one is that an ignored test is intended to be used during a significant refactorings of the code under test, when tests break and you don't want to spend the time to fix all of them immediately. You can mark some of those broken tests as ignored temporarily, so that you can focus the red bar on just failing tests you actually want to fix immediately. Later you can go back and fix the ignored tests. In other words, by ignoring some failing tests temporarily, you can more easily notice failed tests that you actually want to fix. By contrast, a pending test is intended to be used before a test and/or the code under test is written. Pending indicates you've decided to write a test for a bit of behavior, but either you haven't written the test yet, or have only written part of it, or perhaps you've written the test but don't want to implement the behavior it tests until after you've implemented a different bit of behavior you realized you need first. Thus ignored tests are designed to facilitate refactoring of existing code whereas pending tests are designed to facilitate the creation of new code.

One other difference between ignored and pending tests is that ignored tests are implemented as a test tag that is excluded by default. Thus an ignored test is never executed. By contrast, a pending test is implemented as a test that throws TestPendingException (which is what calling the pending method does). Thus the body of pending tests are executed up until they throw TestPendingException. The reason for this difference is that it enables your unfinished test to send InfoProvided messages to the reporter before it completes abruptly with TestPendingException, as shown in the previous example on Informers that used the GivenWhenThen trait. For example, the following snippet in a AnyFeatureSpec:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.infopending

import org.scalatest._

class TVSet {
  private var on: Boolean = false

  def isOn: Boolean = on

  def pressPowerButton() {
    on = !on
  }
}

class TVSetSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with GivenWhenThen {

  info("As a TV set owner")
  info("I want to be able to turn the TV on and off")
  info("So I can watch TV when I want")
  info("And save energy when I'm not watching TV")

  Feature("TV power button") {
    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is off") {
      Given("a TV that is switched off")
      When("the power button is pressed")
      Then("the TV should switch on")
      pending
    }

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is on") {
      Given("a TV that is switched on")
      When("the power button is pressed")
      Then("the TV should switch off")
      pending
    }
  }
}

Would yield the following output when run in the interpreter:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new TVSetSpec)
TVSetSpec:
As a TV set owner
I want to be able to turn the TV on and off
So I can watch TV when I want
And save energy when I'm not watching TV
Feature: TV power button
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is off (pending)
    Given a TV that is switched off
    When the power button is pressed
    Then the TV should switch on
  Scenario: User presses power button when TV is on (pending)
    Given a TV that is switched on
    When the power button is pressed
    Then the TV should switch off 

Tagging tests

A AnyFeatureSpec's tests may be classified into groups by tagging them with string names. As with any suite, when executing a AnyFeatureSpec, groups of tests can optionally be included and/or excluded. To tag a AnyFeatureSpec's tests, you pass objects that extend class org.scalatest.Tag to methods that register tests. Class Tag takes one parameter, a string name. If you have created tag annotation interfaces as described in the Tag documentation, then you will probably want to use tag names on your test functions that match. To do so, simply pass the fully qualified names of the tag interfaces to the Tag constructor. For example, if you've defined a tag annotation interface with fully qualified name, com.mycompany.tags.DbTest, then you could create a matching tag for AnyFeatureSpecs like this:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.tagging

import org.scalatest.Tag

object DbTest extends Tag("com.mycompany.tags.DbTest")

Given these definitions, you could place AnyFeatureSpec tests into groups with tags like this:

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec
import org.scalatest.tagobjects.Slow

class TVSet {
  private var on: Boolean = false
  def isOn: Boolean = on
  def pressPowerButton() {
    on = !on
  }
}

class TVSetSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  Feature("TV power button") {
    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is off", Slow) {
      val tv = new TVSet
      assert(!tv.isOn)
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)
    }

    Scenario("User presses power button when TV is on", Slow, DbTest) {
      val tv = new TVSet
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(tv.isOn)
      tv.pressPowerButton()
      assert(!tv.isOn)
    }
  }
}

This code marks both tests with the org.scalatest.tags.Slow tag, and the second test with the com.mycompany.tags.DbTest tag.

The run method takes a Filter, whose constructor takes an optional Set[String] called tagsToInclude and a Set[String] called tagsToExclude. If tagsToInclude is None, all tests will be run except those those belonging to tags listed in the tagsToExclude Set. If tagsToInclude is defined, only tests belonging to tags mentioned in the tagsToInclude set, and not mentioned in tagsToExclude, will be run.

It is recommended, though not required, that you create a corresponding tag annotation when you create a Tag object. A tag annotation (on the JVM, not Scala.js) allows you to tag all the tests of a AnyFeatureSpec in one stroke by annotating the class. For more information and examples, see the documentation for class Tag. On Scala.js, to tag all tests of a suite, you'll need to tag each test individually at the test site.

Shared fixtures

A test fixture is composed of the objects and other artifacts (files, sockets, database connections, etc.) tests use to do their work. When multiple tests need to work with the same fixtures, it is important to try and avoid duplicating the fixture code across those tests. The more code duplication you have in your tests, the greater drag the tests will have on refactoring the actual production code.

ScalaTest recommends three techniques to eliminate such code duplication:

• Refactor using Scala
• Override withFixture
• Mix in a before-and-after trait

Each technique is geared towards helping you reduce code duplication without introducing instance vars, shared mutable objects, or other dependencies between tests. Eliminating shared mutable state across tests will make your test code easier to reason about and more amenable for parallel test execution.

The following sections describe these techniques, including explaining the recommended usage for each. But first, here's a table summarizing the options:

Calling get-fixture methods

If you need to create the same mutable fixture objects in multiple tests, and don't need to clean them up after using them, the simplest approach is to write one or more get-fixture methods. A get-fixture method returns a new instance of a needed fixture object (or a holder object containing multiple fixture objects) each time it is called. You can call a get-fixture method at the beginning of each test that needs the fixture, storing the returned object or objects in local variables. Here's an example:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.getfixture

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec
import collection.mutable.ListBuffer

class ExampleSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  class Fixture {
    val builder = new StringBuilder("ScalaTest is designed to ")
    val buffer = new ListBuffer[String]
  }

  def fixture = new Fixture

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      val f = fixture
      f.builder.append("encourage clear code!")
      assert(f.builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to encourage clear code!")
      assert(f.buffer.isEmpty)
      f.buffer += "sweet"
    }

    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      val f = fixture
      f.builder.append("be easy to reason about!")
      assert(f.builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to reason about!")
      assert(f.buffer.isEmpty)
    }
  }
}

The “f.” in front of each use of a fixture object provides a visual indication of which objects are part of the fixture, but if you prefer, you can import the the members with “import f._” and use the names directly.

If you need to configure fixture objects differently in different tests, you can pass configuration into the get-fixture method. For example, you could pass in an initial value for a mutable fixture object as a parameter to the get-fixture method.

Instantiating fixture-context objects

An alternate technique that is especially useful when different tests need different combinations of fixture objects is to define the fixture objects as instance variables of fixture-context objects whose instantiation forms the body of tests. Like get-fixture methods, fixture-context objects are only appropriate if you don't need to clean up the fixtures after using them.

To use this technique, you define instance variables intialized with fixture objects in traits and/or classes, then in each test instantiate an object that contains just the fixture objects needed by the test. Traits allow you to mix together just the fixture objects needed by each test, whereas classes allow you to pass data in via a constructor to configure the fixture objects. Here's an example in which fixture objects are partitioned into two traits and each test just mixes together the traits it needs:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.fixturecontext

import collection.mutable.ListBuffer
import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec

class ExampleSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  trait Builder {
    val builder = new StringBuilder("ScalaTest is designed to ")
  }

  trait Buffer {
    val buffer = ListBuffer("ScalaTest", "is", "designed", "to")
  }

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    // This test needs the StringBuilder fixture
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      new Builder {
        builder.append("encourage clear code!")
        assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to encourage clear code!")
      }
    }

    // This test needs the ListBuffer[String] fixture
    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      new Buffer {
        buffer += ("be", "easy", "to", "reason", "about!")
        assert(buffer === List("ScalaTest", "is", "designed", "to", "be", "easy", "to", "reason", "about!"))
      }
    }

    // This test needs both the StringBuilder and ListBuffer
    Scenario("User needs to write tests") {
      new Builder with Buffer {
        builder.append("be easy to learn!")
        buffer += ("be", "easy", "to", "remember", "how", "to", "write!")
        assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to learn!")
        assert(buffer === List("ScalaTest", "is", "designed", "to", "be", "easy",
          "to", "remember", "how", "to", "write!"))
      }
    }
  }
}

Overriding withFixture(NoArgTest)

Although the get-fixture method and fixture-context object approaches take care of setting up a fixture at the beginning of each test, they don't address the problem of cleaning up a fixture at the end of the test. If you just need to perform a side-effect at the beginning or end of a test, and don't need to actually pass any fixture objects into the test, you can override withFixture(NoArgTest), one of ScalaTest's lifecycle methods defined in trait Suite.

Trait Suite's implementation of runTest passes a no-arg test function to withFixture(NoArgTest). It is withFixture's responsibility to invoke that test function. Suite's implementation of withFixture simply invokes the function, like this:

// Default implementation in trait Suite
protected def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = {
  test()
}

You can, therefore, override withFixture to perform setup before and/or cleanup after invoking the test function. If you have cleanup to perform, you should invoke the test function inside a try block and perform the cleanup in a finally clause, in case an exception propagates back through withFixture. (If a test fails because of an exception, the test function invoked by withFixture will result in a Failed wrapping the exception. Nevertheless, best practice is to perform cleanup in a finally clause just in case an exception occurs.)

The withFixture method is designed to be stacked, and to enable this, you should always call the super implementation of withFixture, and let it invoke the test function rather than invoking the test function directly. That is to say, instead of writing “test()”, you should write “super.withFixture(test)”, like this:

// Your implementation
override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = {
  // Perform setup
  try super.withFixture(test) // Invoke the test function
  finally {
    // Perform cleanup
  }
}

Here's an example in which withFixture(NoArgTest) is used to take a snapshot of the working directory if a test fails, and send that information to the reporter:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.noargtest

import java.io.File
import org.scalatest._

class ExampleSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec {

  override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = {

    super.withFixture(test) match {
      case failed: Failed =>
        val currDir = new File(".")
        val fileNames = currDir.list()
        info("Dir snapshot: " + fileNames.mkString(", "))
        failed
      case other => other
    }
  }

  Scenario("This scenario should succeed") {
    assert(1 + 1 === 2)
  }

  Scenario("This scenario should fail") {
    assert(1 + 1 === 3)
  }
}

Running this version of ExampleSuite in the interpreter in a directory with two files, hello.txt and world.txt would give the following output:

scala> org.scalatest.run(new ExampleSpec)
ExampleSpec:
Scenario: This scenario should succeed
Scenario: This scenario should fail *** FAILED ***
  2 did not equal 3 (:115)
  + Dir snapshot: hello.txt, world.txt 

Note that the NoArgTest passed to withFixture, in addition to an apply method that executes the test, also includes the test name and the config map passed to runTest. Thus you can also use the test name and configuration objects in your withFixture implementation.

Calling loan-fixture methods

If you need to both pass a fixture object into a test and perform cleanup at the end of the test, you'll need to use the loan pattern. If different tests need different fixtures that require cleanup, you can implement the loan pattern directly by writing loan-fixture methods. A loan-fixture method takes a function whose body forms part or all of a test's code. It creates a fixture, passes it to the test code by invoking the function, then cleans up the fixture after the function returns.

The following example shows three tests that use two fixtures, a database and a file. Both require cleanup after, so each is provided via a loan-fixture method. (In this example, the database is simulated with a StringBuffer.)

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.loanfixture

import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap

object DbServer { // Simulating a database server
  type Db = StringBuffer
  private val databases = new ConcurrentHashMap[String, Db]
  def createDb(name: String): Db = {
    val db = new StringBuffer
    databases.put(name, db)
    db
  }
  def removeDb(name: String) {
    databases.remove(name)
  }
}

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec
import DbServer._
import java.util.UUID.randomUUID
import java.io._

class ExampleSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec {

  def withDatabase(testCode: Db => Any) {
    val dbName = randomUUID.toString
    val db = createDb(dbName) // create the fixture
    try {
      db.append("ScalaTest is designed to ") // perform setup
      testCode(db) // "loan" the fixture to the test
    }
    finally removeDb(dbName) // clean up the fixture
  }

  def withFile(testCode: (File, FileWriter) => Any) {
    val file = File.createTempFile("hello", "world") // create the fixture
    val writer = new FileWriter(file)
    try {
      writer.write("ScalaTest is designed to ") // set up the fixture
      testCode(file, writer) // "loan" the fixture to the test
    }
    finally writer.close() // clean up the fixture
  }

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    // This test needs the file fixture
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      withFile { (file, writer) =>
        writer.write("encourage clear code!")
        writer.flush()
        assert(file.length === 46)
      }
    }
    // This test needs the database fixture
    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      withDatabase { db =>
        db.append("be easy to reason about!")
        assert(db.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to reason about!")
      }
    }
    // This test needs both the file and the database
    Scenario("User needs to write tests") {
      withDatabase { db =>
        withFile { (file, writer) => // loan-fixture methods compose
          db.append("be easy to learn!")
          writer.write("be easy to remember how to write!")
          writer.flush()
          assert(db.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to learn!")
          assert(file.length === 58)
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

As demonstrated by the last test, loan-fixture methods compose. Not only do loan-fixture methods allow you to give each test the fixture it needs, they allow you to give a test multiple fixtures and clean everything up afterwards.

Also demonstrated in this example is the technique of giving each test its own "fixture sandbox" to play in. When your fixtures involve external side-effects, like creating files or databases, it is a good idea to give each file or database a unique name as is done in this example. This keeps tests completely isolated, allowing you to run them in parallel if desired.

Overriding withFixture(OneArgTest)

If all or most tests need the same fixture, you can avoid some of the boilerplate of the loan-fixture method approach by using a FixtureAnyFeatureSpec and overriding withFixture(OneArgTest). Each test in a FixtureAnyFeatureSpec takes a fixture as a parameter, allowing you to pass the fixture into the test. You must indicate the type of the fixture parameter by specifying FixtureParam, and implement a withFixture method that takes a OneArgTest. This withFixture method is responsible for invoking the one-arg test function, so you can perform fixture set up before, and clean up after, invoking and passing the fixture into the test function.

To enable the stacking of traits that define withFixture(NoArgTest), it is a good idea to let withFixture(NoArgTest) invoke the test function instead of invoking the test function directly. To do so, you'll need to convert the OneArgTest to a NoArgTest. You can do that by passing the fixture object to the toNoArgTest method of OneArgTest. In other words, instead of writing “test(theFixture)”, you'd delegate responsibility for invoking the test function to the withFixture(NoArgTest) method of the same instance by writing:

withFixture(test.toNoArgTest(theFixture))

Here's a complete example:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.oneargtest

import org.scalatest.featurespec
import java.io._

class ExampleSpec extends featurespec.FixtureAnyFeatureSpec {

  case class FixtureParam(file: File, writer: FileWriter)

  def withFixture(test: OneArgTest) = {

    // create the fixture
    val file = File.createTempFile("hello", "world")
    val writer = new FileWriter(file)
    val theFixture = FixtureParam(file, writer)

    try {
      writer.write("ScalaTest is designed to be ") // set up the fixture
      withFixture(test.toNoArgTest(theFixture)) // "loan" the fixture to the test
    }
    finally writer.close() // clean up the fixture
  }

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") { f =>
      f.writer.write("encourage clear code!")
      f.writer.flush()
      assert(f.file.length === 49)
    }

    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") { f =>
      f.writer.write("be easy to reason about!")
      f.writer.flush()
      assert(f.file.length === 52)
    }
  }
}

In this example, the tests actually required two fixture objects, a File and a FileWriter. In such situations you can simply define the FixtureParam type to be a tuple containing the objects, or as is done in this example, a case class containing the objects. For more information on the withFixture(OneArgTest) technique, see the documentation for FixtureAnyFeatureSpec.

Mixing in BeforeAndAfter

In all the shared fixture examples shown so far, the activities of creating, setting up, and cleaning up the fixture objects have been performed during the test. This means that if an exception occurs during any of these activities, it will be reported as a test failure. Sometimes, however, you may want setup to happen before the test starts, and cleanup after the test has completed, so that if an exception occurs during setup or cleanup, the entire suite aborts and no more tests are attempted. The simplest way to accomplish this in ScalaTest is to mix in trait BeforeAndAfter. With this trait you can denote a bit of code to run before each test with before and/or after each test each test with after, like this:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.beforeandafter

import org.scalatest._
import collection.mutable.ListBuffer

class ExampleSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with BeforeAndAfter {

  val builder = new StringBuilder
  val buffer = new ListBuffer[String]

  before {
    builder.append("ScalaTest is designed to ")
  }

  after {
    builder.clear()
    buffer.clear()
  }

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      builder.append("encourage clear code!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to encourage clear code!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
      buffer += "sweet"
    }

    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      builder.append("be easy to reason about!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to reason about!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
    }
  }
}

Note that the only way before and after code can communicate with test code is via some side-effecting mechanism, commonly by reassigning instance vars or by changing the state of mutable objects held from instance vals (as in this example). If using instance vars or mutable objects held from instance vals you wouldn't be able to run tests in parallel in the same instance of the test class (on the JVM, not Scala.js) unless you synchronized access to the shared, mutable state. This is why ScalaTest's ParallelTestExecution trait extends OneInstancePerTest. By running each test in its own instance of the class, each test has its own copy of the instance variables, so you don't need to synchronize. If you mixed ParallelTestExecution into the ExampleSuite above, the tests would run in parallel just fine without any synchronization needed on the mutable StringBuilder and ListBuffer[String] objects.

Although BeforeAndAfter provides a minimal-boilerplate way to execute code before and after tests, it isn't designed to enable stackable traits, because the order of execution would be non-obvious. If you want to factor out before and after code that is common to multiple test suites, you should use trait BeforeAndAfterEach instead, as shown later in the next section, composing fixtures by stacking traits.

Composing fixtures by stacking traits

In larger projects, teams often end up with several different fixtures that test classes need in different combinations, and possibly initialized (and cleaned up) in different orders. A good way to accomplish this in ScalaTest is to factor the individual fixtures into traits that can be composed using the stackable trait pattern. This can be done, for example, by placing withFixture methods in several traits, each of which call super.withFixture. Here's an example in which the StringBuilder and ListBuffer[String] fixtures used in the previous examples have been factored out into two stackable fixture traits named Builder and Buffer:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.composingwithfixture

import org.scalatest._
import collection.mutable.ListBuffer

trait Builder extends TestSuiteMixin { this: TestSuite =>

  val builder = new StringBuilder

  abstract override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = {
    builder.append("ScalaTest is designed to ")
    try super.withFixture(test) // To be stackable, must call super.withFixture
    finally builder.clear()
  }
}

trait Buffer extends TestSuiteMixin { this: TestSuite =>

  val buffer = new ListBuffer[String]

  abstract override def withFixture(test: NoArgTest) = {
    try super.withFixture(test) // To be stackable, must call super.withFixture
    finally buffer.clear()
  }
}

class ExampleSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with Builder with Buffer {

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      builder.append("encourage clear code!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to encourage clear code!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
      buffer += "clear"
    }

    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      builder.append("be easy to reason about!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to reason about!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
      buffer += "easy"
    }
  }
}

By mixing in both the Builder and Buffer traits, ExampleSuite gets both fixtures, which will be initialized before each test and cleaned up after. The order the traits are mixed together determines the order of execution. In this case, Builder is “super” to Buffer. If you wanted Buffer to be “super” to Builder, you need only switch the order you mix them together, like this:

class Example2Spec extends AnyFeatureSpec with Buffer with Builder

And if you only need one fixture you mix in only that trait:

class Example3Spec extends AnyFeatureSpec with Builder

Another way to create stackable fixture traits is by extending the BeforeAndAfterEach and/or BeforeAndAfterAll traits. BeforeAndAfterEach has a beforeEach method that will be run before each test (like JUnit's setUp), and an afterEach method that will be run after (like JUnit's tearDown). Similarly, BeforeAndAfterAll has a beforeAll method that will be run before all tests, and an afterAll method that will be run after all tests. Here's what the previously shown example would look like if it were rewritten to use the BeforeAndAfterEach methods instead of withFixture:

package org.scalatest.examples.featurespec.composingbeforeandaftereach

import org.scalatest._
import collection.mutable.ListBuffer

trait Builder extends BeforeAndAfterEach { this: Suite =>

  val builder = new StringBuilder

  override def beforeEach() {
    builder.append("ScalaTest is designed to ")
    super.beforeEach() // To be stackable, must call super.beforeEach
  }

  override def afterEach() {
    try super.afterEach() // To be stackable, must call super.afterEach
    finally builder.clear()
  }
}

trait Buffer extends BeforeAndAfterEach { this: Suite =>

  val buffer = new ListBuffer[String]

  override def afterEach() {
    try super.afterEach() // To be stackable, must call super.afterEach
    finally buffer.clear()
  }
}

class ExampleSpec extends featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec with Builder with Buffer {

  Feature("Simplicity") {
    Scenario("User needs to read test code written by others") {
      builder.append("encourage clear code!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to encourage clear code!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
      buffer += "clear"
    }

    Scenario("User needs to understand what the tests are doing") {
      builder.append("be easy to reason about!")
      assert(builder.toString === "ScalaTest is designed to be easy to reason about!")
      assert(buffer.isEmpty)
      buffer += "easy"
    }
  }
}

To get the same ordering as withFixture, place your super.beforeEach call at the end of each beforeEach method, and the super.afterEach call at the beginning of each afterEach method, as shown in the previous example. It is a good idea to invoke super.afterEach in a try block and perform cleanup in a finally clause, as shown in the previous example, because this ensures the cleanup code is performed even if super.afterEach throws an exception.

The difference between stacking traits that extend BeforeAndAfterEach versus traits that implement withFixture is that setup and cleanup code happens before and after the test in BeforeAndAfterEach, but at the beginning and end of the test in withFixture. Thus if a withFixture method completes abruptly with an exception, it is considered a failed test. By contrast, if any of the beforeEach or afterEach methods of BeforeAndAfterEach complete abruptly, it is considered an aborted suite, which will result in a SuiteAborted event.

Shared scenarios

Sometimes you may want to run the same test code on different fixture objects. In other words, you may want to write tests that are "shared" by different fixture objects. To accomplish this in a AnyFeatureSpec, you first place shared tests (i.e., shared scenarios) in behavior functions. These behavior functions will be invoked during the construction phase of any AnyFeatureSpec that uses them, so that the scenarios they contain will be registered as scenarios in that AnyFeatureSpec. For example, given this stack class:

import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer

class Stack[T] {

  val MAX = 10
  private val buf = new ListBuffer[T]

  def push(o: T) {
    if (!full)
      buf.prepend(o)
    else
      throw new IllegalStateException("can't push onto a full stack")
  }

  def pop(): T = {
    if (!empty)
      buf.remove(0)
    else
      throw new IllegalStateException("can't pop an empty stack")
  }

  def peek: T = {
    if (!empty)
      buf(0)
    else
      throw new IllegalStateException("can't pop an empty stack")
  }

  def full: Boolean = buf.size == MAX
  def empty: Boolean = buf.size == 0
  def size = buf.size

  override def toString = buf.mkString("Stack(", ", ", ")")
}

You may want to test the Stack class in different states: empty, full, with one item, with one item less than capacity, etc. You may find you have several scenarios that make sense any time the stack is non-empty. Thus you'd ideally want to run those same scenarios for three stack fixture objects: a full stack, a stack with a one item, and a stack with one item less than capacity. With shared tests, you can factor these scenarios out into a behavior function, into which you pass the stack fixture to use when running the tests. So in your AnyFeatureSpec for stack, you'd invoke the behavior function three times, passing in each of the three stack fixtures so that the shared scenarios are run for all three fixtures.

You can define a behavior function that encapsulates these shared scenarios inside the AnyFeatureSpec that uses them. If they are shared between different AnyFeatureSpecs, however, you could also define them in a separate trait that is mixed into each AnyFeatureSpec that uses them. For example, here the nonEmptyStack behavior function (in this case, a behavior method) is defined in a trait along with another method containing shared scenarios for non-full stacks:

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec
import org.scalatest.GivenWhenThen
import org.scalatestexamples.helpers.Stack

trait FeatureSpecStackBehaviors { this: AnyFeatureSpec with GivenWhenThen =>

  def nonEmptyStack(createNonEmptyStack: => Stack[Int], lastItemAdded: Int) {

    Scenario("empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: " + createNonEmptyStack.toString) {

      Given("a non-empty stack")
      val stack = createNonEmptyStack

      When("empty is invoked on the stack")
      Then("empty returns false")
      assert(!stack.empty)
    }

    Scenario("peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: " + createNonEmptyStack.toString) {

      Given("a non-empty stack")
      val stack = createNonEmptyStack
      val size = stack.size

      When("peek is invoked on the stack")
      Then("peek returns the last item added")
      assert(stack.peek === lastItemAdded)

      And("the size of the stack is the same as before")
      assert(stack.size === size)
    }

    Scenario("pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: " + createNonEmptyStack.toString) {

      Given("a non-empty stack")
      val stack = createNonEmptyStack
      val size = stack.size

      When("pop is invoked on the stack")
      Then("pop returns the last item added")
      assert(stack.pop === lastItemAdded)

      And("the size of the stack one less than before")
      assert(stack.size === size - 1)
    }
  }

  def nonFullStack(createNonFullStack: => Stack[Int]) {

    Scenario("full is invoked on this non-full stack: " + createNonFullStack.toString) {

      Given("a non-full stack")
      val stack = createNonFullStack

      When("full is invoked on the stack")
      Then("full returns false")
      assert(!stack.full)
    }

    Scenario("push is invoked on this non-full stack: " + createNonFullStack.toString) {

      Given("a non-full stack")
      val stack = createNonFullStack
      val size = stack.size

      When("push is invoked on the stack")
      stack.push(7)

      Then("the size of the stack is one greater than before")
      assert(stack.size === size + 1)

      And("the top of the stack contains the pushed value")
      assert(stack.peek === 7)
    }
  }
}

Given these behavior functions, you could invoke them directly, but AnyFeatureSpec offers a DSL for the purpose, which looks like this:

ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItem, lastValuePushed))
ScenariosFor(nonFullStack(stackWithOneItem))

If you prefer to use an imperative style to change fixtures, for example by mixing in BeforeAndAfterEach and reassigning a stack var in beforeEach, you could write your behavior functions in the context of that var, which means you wouldn't need to pass in the stack fixture because it would be in scope already inside the behavior function. In that case, your code would look like this:

ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack) // assuming lastValuePushed is also in scope inside nonEmptyStack
ScenariosFor(nonFullStack)

The recommended style, however, is the functional, pass-all-the-needed-values-in style. Here's an example:

import org.scalatest.featurespec.AnyFeatureSpec
import org.scalatest.GivenWhenThen
import org.scalatestexamples.helpers.Stack

class StackFeatureSpec extends AnyFeatureSpec with GivenWhenThen with FeatureSpecStackBehaviors {

  // Stack fixture creation methods
  def emptyStack = new Stack[Int]

  def fullStack = {
    val stack = new Stack[Int]
    for (i <- 0 until stack.MAX)
      stack.push(i)
    stack
  }

  def stackWithOneItem = {
    val stack = new Stack[Int]
    stack.push(9)
    stack
  }

  def stackWithOneItemLessThanCapacity = {
    val stack = new Stack[Int]
    for (i <- 1 to 9)
      stack.push(i)
    stack
  }

  val lastValuePushed = 9

  Feature("A Stack is pushed and popped") {

    Scenario("empty is invoked on an empty stack") {

      Given("an empty stack")
      val stack = emptyStack

      When("empty is invoked on the stack")
      Then("empty returns true")
      assert(stack.empty)
    }

    Scenario("peek is invoked on an empty stack") {

      Given("an empty stack")
      val stack = emptyStack

      When("peek is invoked on the stack")
      Then("peek throws IllegalStateException")
      assertThrows[IllegalStateException] {
        stack.peek
      }
    }

    Scenario("pop is invoked on an empty stack") {

      Given("an empty stack")
      val stack = emptyStack

      When("pop is invoked on the stack")
      Then("pop throws IllegalStateException")
      assertThrows[IllegalStateException] {
        emptyStack.pop
      }
    }

    ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItem, lastValuePushed))
    ScenariosFor(nonFullStack(stackWithOneItem))

    ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItemLessThanCapacity, lastValuePushed))
    ScenariosFor(nonFullStack(stackWithOneItemLessThanCapacity))

    Scenario("full is invoked on a full stack") {

      Given("an full stack")
      val stack = fullStack

      When("full is invoked on the stack")
      Then("full returns true")
      assert(stack.full)
    }

    ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(fullStack, lastValuePushed))

    Scenario("push is invoked on a full stack") {

      Given("an full stack")
      val stack = fullStack

      When("push is invoked on the stack")
      Then("push throws IllegalStateException")
      assertThrows[IllegalStateException] {
        stack.push(10)
      }
    }
  }
}

If you load these classes into the Scala interpreter (with scalatest's JAR file on the class path), and execute it, you'll see:

scala> (new StackFeatureSpec).execute()
Feature: A Stack is pushed and popped
  Scenario: empty is invoked on an empty stack
    Given an empty stack
    When empty is invoked on the stack
    Then empty returns true
  Scenario: peek is invoked on an empty stack
    Given an empty stack
    When peek is invoked on the stack
    Then peek throws IllegalStateException
  Scenario: pop is invoked on an empty stack
    Given an empty stack
    When pop is invoked on the stack
    Then pop throws IllegalStateException
  Scenario: empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When empty is invoked on the stack
    Then empty returns false
  Scenario: peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When peek is invoked on the stack
    Then peek returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack is the same as before
  Scenario: pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When pop is invoked on the stack
    Then pop returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack one less than before
  Scenario: full is invoked on this non-full stack: Stack(9)
    Given a non-full stack
    When full is invoked on the stack
    Then full returns false
  Scenario: push is invoked on this non-full stack: Stack(9)
    Given a non-full stack
    When push is invoked on the stack
    Then the size of the stack is one greater than before
    And the top of the stack contains the pushed value
  Scenario: empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When empty is invoked on the stack
    Then empty returns false
  Scenario: peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When peek is invoked on the stack
    Then peek returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack is the same as before
  Scenario: pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When pop is invoked on the stack
    Then pop returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack one less than before
  Scenario: full is invoked on this non-full stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
    Given a non-full stack
    When full is invoked on the stack
    Then full returns false
  Scenario: push is invoked on this non-full stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
    Given a non-full stack
    When push is invoked on the stack
    Then the size of the stack is one greater than before
    And the top of the stack contains the pushed value
  Scenario: full is invoked on a full stack
    Given an full stack
    When full is invoked on the stack
    Then full returns true
  Scenario: empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When empty is invoked on the stack
    Then empty returns false
  Scenario: peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When peek is invoked on the stack
    Then peek returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack is the same as before
  Scenario: pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)
    Given a non-empty stack
    When pop is invoked on the stack
    Then pop returns the last item added
    And the size of the stack one less than before
  Scenario: push is invoked on a full stack
    Given an full stack
    When push is invoked on the stack
    Then push throws IllegalStateException

One thing to keep in mind when using shared tests is that in ScalaTest, each test in a suite must have a unique name. If you register the same tests repeatedly in the same suite, one problem you may encounter is an exception at runtime complaining that multiple tests are being registered with the same test name. Although in a AnyFeatureSpec, the feature clause is a nesting construct analogous to FunSpec's describe clause, you many sometimes need to do a bit of extra work to ensure that the test names are unique. If a duplicate test name problem shows up in a AnyFeatureSpec, you can pass in a prefix or suffix string to add to each test name. You can pass this string the same way you pass any other data needed by the shared tests, or just call toString on the shared fixture object. This is the approach taken by the previous AnyFeatureSpecStackBehaviors example.

Given this AnyFeatureSpecStackBehaviors trait, calling it with the stackWithOneItem fixture, like this:

ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItem, lastValuePushed))

yields test names:

• empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)
• peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)
• pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9)

Whereas calling it with the stackWithOneItemLessThanCapacity fixture, like this:

ScenariosFor(nonEmptyStack(stackWithOneItemLessThanCapacity, lastValuePushed))

yields different test names:

• empty is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
• peek is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)
• pop is invoked on this non-empty stack: Stack(9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1)